Limnocharis flava (yellow bur-head).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azmi Man
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Drainage Ditches ◽  
Sulfonyl Urea ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Whole Plants

Abstract L. flava, commonly known as yellow bur head, is a perennial broad-leaved weed which behaves as an annual in certain habitats. It spreads throughout South-East Asia especially in rice crops, and also in South America and the USA. It prefers wet conditions such as lowland rice fields, shallow canals and ditches and reproduces both by seed and vegetatively. Heavy infestations of L. flava indicate a fertile soil. The effectiveness of drainage ditches and irrigation channels can be reduced through siltation caused by blockages of L. flava leaves and roots. Young leaves, petioles and flower stalks can be eaten as vegetables. Whole plants are used as fodder for pigs, cattle or fish and plant residues can be also be used for feed and as green manure. L. flava can be controlled by chemical such as 2,4-D herbicides and sulfonyl urea products such as bensulfuron and bensulfuron/metsulfuron. Bentazon/MCPA can be used to control multiple resistant biotype of L. flava.

Leptochloa mucronata (mucronate sprangletop).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Cubiñá
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Native Range ◽  
North Central ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Leptochloa mucronata is a grass native to the warmer parts of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean; taxonomists disagree over whether the form found in the Caribbean is part of the same species or should be classified separately as Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata. The species is present in a number of countries in south and south-east Asia, in a few countries in Africa, and in Australia; in most of these countries it is considered to be introduced, although it is reported as native in some of them. Little information is available about how it was spread, but it probably involved the accidental movement of seeds. In parts of both its native range and its introduced range it is a significant agricultural weed, and this is the main reason why it is of interest, although there have been some studies of its use as a green manure.

Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith K. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infects a wide range of cultivated legumes. It causes severe mosaic and/or necrosis on the leaves, stems and pods of beans (Phaselous), cowpea (Vigna) and soyabean (Glycine max). Yield losses of 64-80% have been recorded in groundnuts in Kenya (Bock et al., 1976, 1977) and 10-100% in soyabean in Brazil and Argentina (Brown and Rodrigues, 2017). The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. CPMMV is considered endemic to Africa, but has spread to India, South-East Asia, South America, the Caribbean, Puerto Rico and Mexico. Introduction of the virus to Puerto Rico, and possibly also Mexico, is thought to have been through infected seed from South America and perhaps Africa. The virus poses a threat to soyabean production in the USA and, if introduced into mainland USA, CPMMV has potential to spread through seed, on infected ornamental or vegetable transplants, and by the viruliferous whitefly, itself if previously associated with a virus-infected host.

scholarly journals Leptochloa mucronata (mucronate sprangletop).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Cubiñá
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Native Range ◽  
North Central ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
The Caribbean

Abstract Leptochloa mucronata is a grass native to the warmer parts of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean; taxonomists disagree over whether the form found in the Caribbean is part of the same species or should be classified separately as Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata. The species is present in a number of countries in south and south-east Asia, in a few countries in Africa, and in Australia; in most of these countries it is considered to be introduced, although it is reported as native in some of them. Little information is available about how it was spread, but it probably involved the accidental movement of seeds. In parts of both its native range and its introduced range it is a significant agricultural weed, and this is the main reason why it is of interest, although there have been some studies of its use as a green manure.

scholarly journals Influence of green manure phytomass treatment by microbial preparations on grain productivity and quality indicators of winter wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Prikhodko ◽  
◽  
I.A. Kameneva ◽  
A.I. Yakubovskaya ◽  
N.V. Karaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Biological Preparation

Treatment of the triticale phytomass with the complex biological preparation KBP-5M before incorporation into the soil contributed to the activation of microbiological processes in the 0-30 cm layer. In the variants when the plant was in the phenological stage of spike emergence, we noted an increase in the content of N-NO3 by 0.19-0.46 mg per 100 g of soil; Р2О5 – up to 2.97; K2О – up to mg/100 g. The reason for that was the maximum accumulation of organic matter in the phytomass of triticale at the aforementioned stage of development (8.25-8.52 t/ha). The use of KBP-5M had a positive effect on the development of winter wheat when green manure was the preceding crop. There is a tendency to increase the density of the stalk by 13.3 %, including productive stems – by 3.9 % and the number of grains from 10 plants – by 1.7 % compared to the use of triticale plants as an organic fertilizer without the treatment with biological preparation. Despite the trend of increasing yields from 4.32 to 4.43 t/ha, no reliable yield increase was obtained. When applying KBP-5M on triticale plant residues, there was an increase in protein content by 0.3 % and gluten – by 1.1 % compared to variants without the biological preparation. According to the indicators of 1000-grain weight and hectolitre weight, there were no significant differences between the studied variants. The use of KBP-5M has been justified from an economic point of view since 277 to 1535 rubles per ha of contingent net income was obtained and the payback ratio for the use of the biological product was 1.05–5.79.

scholarly journals CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEUROBRUCELLOSIS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION OF SAMARKAND MUNICIPAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES HOSPITAL

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
N. A. Yarmuhamedova ◽  
K. S. Djuraeva ◽  
U. X. Samibaeva ◽  
Z. D. Bahrieva ◽  
D. A. Shodieva
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
High Level

Brucellosis is a particularly dangerous and socially significant infection that causes considerable economic damage and leads to a high level of patients’ disability (Vershilova P. A., 1961, Beklemishev N. D., 1965). Brucellosis is a global problem for medical and veterinary health services (Corbel M. J., 1997, Boschiroli M. L., 2001). According to the information of WHO Joint Expert Committee on Brucellosis (1986), this disease is registered among animals in 155 countries around the world. Mostly Brucellosis is spread in the Mediterranean countries, Asia Minor, South and South-East Asia, Africa, Central and South America (Sauret I. M. E., 2002; Ergonul O. E. A., 2004; Karabay O. E. A., 2004; Getinkaua Z. E. A., 2005; Alim A., Tomul Z. D., 2005; Onishchenko G. G., 2005) These indices are ten times higher in countries of Central Asia. The registered cases of this disease here are compounded 116 cases per 1 million people in Kazakhstan and 362 in Kyrgyzstan. In Uzbekistan, there are 18 cases per 1 million people. In the Russian Federation there are 4.1 cases per 1 million people, Greece – 21 cases, Germany and the United Kingdom – 0.3 cases.

Diaporthe manihotis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Severe Attack ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Pale Green

Abstract A description is provided for Diaporthe manihotis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Manihot esculenta. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cassava (46, 64) or sometimes referred to as Phomopsis blight of tapioca (54, 2588). In the early stages of infection the visible symptoms are pale green, watersoaked, small round spots on young leaves and petioles which rapidly enlarge and turn brown. Severe attack leads to defoliation and infection spreading to the stem. Affected areas become shrivelled with numerous pycnidia embedded in the tissue. On severely infected stems the bark starts to peel off gradually leading to partial or total girdling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria); Asia (India); Central America and West Indies (S.E. Dominica); South America (Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by watersplash-dispersed conidia.

East Asian Machinery-Building Cluster

2014 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
V. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Machinery Building

The article considers features of the East Asian machinery-building cluster. It differs from the older machinery-building clusters in West Europe and North America primarily. The share of intermediate goods in the imports of the East Asian countries is higher than the share of such goods in their exports. This results from prevalence of the assembly manufactures in their industry. The international supply chains of the region are described as follows: manufacturing parts and components in the countries of East and South-East Asia – assembly in China – exports to USA, Europe and Japan. The changes in the structure of the international supply chains in 2007–2011 are shown in the case of telecommunications industry. It is established that the structure of the telecommunications imports of the USA has changed in favor of China. The technological level of the telecommunications equipment exported from China enhanced significantly. The share of parts and components in China’s telecommunications exports increased. Imports of telecommunications equipment from Japan to USA diminished whereas its delivery from China to Japan more than doubled. This points to reduction of the role of Japan as the supplier of telecommunications equipment in the world scale.

Amoebic infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 1384-1395
Author(s):  
Richard Knight
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Amoebic Liver Abscess ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Entamoeba Dispar ◽  
Amoebic Dysentery ◽  
Dientamoeba Fragilis ◽  
Colonic Involvement ◽  
Obligate Anaerobic ◽  
Amoebic Keratitis

Two very different groups of amoebic species infect humans. (1) Obligate anaerobic gut parasites, including the major pathogen Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. Infection is especially common in Mexico, South America, Africa and South-east Asia; nearly all cases in temperate countries is acquired elsewhere. Other gut amoebae are Dientamoeba fragilis (which causes relatively mild colonic involvement with diarrhoea), and eight non-pathogenic species including Entamoeba dispar. (2) Aerobic free-living, water and soil amoebae– Naegleria, Acanthamoeba and Balmuthua, which can become facultative tissue parasites in humans after cysts or trophozoites are inhaled, ingested, or enter damaged skin, cornea or mucosae: they may cause primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis, amoebic keratitis or brain abscess.

American Asteraceae-feeding Astrotischeria species with a highly modified, three-lobed valva in the male genitalia (Lepidoptera, Tischeriidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4469 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONAS R. STONIS ◽  
ARŪNAS DIŠKUS ◽  
FERNANDO CARVALHO FILHO ◽  
OWEN T. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
The North ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First Time ◽  
Asteraceae Family

We review eleven Astrotischeria Puplesis & Diškus (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae) species which possess a novel character for the Tischeriidae family: a highly modified valva of the male genitalia with one ventral and two dorsal lobes (or processes). The species are distributed in the Americas, including the USA, Caribbean (St. Thomas), Central America (Belize, Guatemala and Honduras), and South America (Ecuador, Bolivia, and Brazil). Species for which the biology has been studied are associated with host plants from Asteroidea of the Asteraceae family. The following seven species are described as new: Astrotischeria trilobata Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., A. amazonica Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., A. maya Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., A. selvica Diškus, Carvalho-Filho & Stonis, sp. nov., A. casila Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., A. onae Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov., and A. furcata Stonis & Diškus, sp. nov. A new informal species unit, the A. trilobata group, is designated for diagnostic purposes despite some doubts about monophyly of the group. Astrotischeria longeciliata (Frey & Boll) is synonymized here with the North American A. helianthi (Frey & Boll), a species not belonging to the A. trilobata group, syn. nov. For the first time, a method of rearing of adults from mining larvae, specifically adopted for Tischeriidae, is detailed. All species treated in the paper are illustrated with photographs or drawings of the adults, male genitalia, and, if available, the female genitalia, leaf mines and habitats. A distribution map for the species of the A. trilobata group and a scheme of the trophic relationships of the global Tischeriidae fauna are also provided. 

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