Changes in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Tulip Bulb Scales during Cold Treatment and Greenhouse Forcing

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 454c-454
Author(s):  
Anil P. Ranwala ◽  
Beth Hardin ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Tulip Bulb ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Tulip Bulbs

The energy and carbon needs for early shoot growth in tulips are mainly provided by reserve carbohydrates in bulbs. The cold-treatment of bulbs before greenhouse forcing enhances the breakdown and remobilization of reserve carbohydrates in bulb scales, and is necessary for proper shoot growth and flowering in tulips. Tulip bulbs are known to contain both starch and fructans as reserve carbohydrates. We evaluated several extraction solvents, including ethanol and distilled water, and several extraction temperatures to accurately determine the amounts of different types of non-structural carbohydrates in tulip bulb scales. Extraction with distilled water resulted in excessive solubilization of starch. For example, extraction at 70 °C solubilized more than 80% of starch to glucan polymers. On the other hand, 80% ethanol at 70 °C extracted all soluble sugars including fructans with no apparent solubilization of starch. The changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the outermost bulb scale of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. `Frankfurt') during 12 weeks of cooling at 8.8 °C followed by 5 weeks of greenhouse forcing were determined. Starch was the major carbohydrate in bulb scales consisting of ≈70% of the dry weight at the beginning of cold treatment. Starch content per scale decreased slightly during cold treatment, but rapidly after transferring to greenhouse. Sucrose and soluble fructan content per scale increased during cold treatment, then decreased after transferring to greenhouse. Glucose content per scale remained fairly constant during cooling and greenhouse forcing, while fructose content increased in the greenhouse.

Trifluralin and Triallate Retention by Imbibed Tame Oat (Avena sativa) Caryopses

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin C. Heath ◽  
Ross Ashford ◽  
Robert B. McKercher
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Coleoptile Length ◽  
Seed Imbibition ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect

The effect of exposing tame oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Hudson’) to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] during seed imbibition was investigated in a growth cabinet at 21 C in the absence of light. Caryopses were imbibed in 0.0, 1.5, and 3.0 ppmv aqueous dilutions of trifluralin and triallate for up to 10 h, after which germination was continued in distilled water. Germination was not affected following imbibition in either herbicide. Both herbicides produced distinct visual symptoms of herbicide injury during subsequent seedling growth. Coleoptile length of 5-day-old seedlings was reduced following imbibition in a 1.5-ppmv dilution of either herbicide. Triallate at 1.5 ppmv resulted in a reduction in shoot dry weight. Both herbicides were largely excluded from embryos of imbibing caryopses. Seedlings were unaffected when cultured from embryos excised from caryopses imbibed in trifluralin and triallate dilutions. Seedling phytotoxic effects resulted from residual activity of trifluralin and triallate retained by the pericarp and testa of imbibed caryopses. Presence of the hull during imbibition decreased the phytotoxic effect of both herbicides on shoot growth. These findings suggest that germinating seedlings ofAvenaspp. may be affected by trifluralin and triallate at an earlier stage than previously realized.

scholarly journals ACCUMULATION AND METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES IN MARIGOLD SEEDLINGS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 648d-648
Author(s):  
Jack W. Buxton ◽  
Donna Switzer ◽  
Guoqiang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Lower Light Intensity

Marigold seedlings, 3 weeks old, were grown in natural light growth chambers at 3 day/night temperature regimes, 8°N/16°D, 13°N/20°D and 18°N/24°D, in a factorial combination with ambient and 1000-1500 ppm CO2. Seedlings were harvested at regular intervals during a 24 hr period and were analyzed for soluble sugars (reducing sugars and sucrose) and starch. Neither temperature nor CO2 concentration affected the accumulation of soluble sugars or starch during the day or night. The soluble sugar concentration ranged from 3% of dry weight at sunrise to 6% at mid-day; the concentration changed little during the night. Light intensity was different during replications of the experiment. Increased light intensity appeared to cause a slight increase in the soluble sugars maintained by the seedling during the day. Accumulated starch increased 6% to 8% from sunrise to late afternoon. Preliminary results indicate that light intensity greatly affected the concentration of starch. On the higher light intensity day, starch accumulated to a maximum of 18% of dry weight; whereas on the lower light intensity day the maximum concentration was 10%. During the night following the lower light intensity day, the starch concentration decreased to approximately 3% by the end of the night; following a brighter day the starch content was 13% at the end of the night.

scholarly journals Effect of Short-Term Cold Treatment on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Potato Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7203
Author(s):  
Sławomir Orzechowski ◽  
Dorota Sitnicka ◽  
Agnieszka Grabowska ◽  
Julia Compart ◽  
Joerg Fettke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Short Term

Plants are often challenged by an array of unfavorable environmental conditions. During cold exposure, many changes occur that include, for example, the stabilization of cell membranes, alterations in gene expression and enzyme activities, as well as the accumulation of metabolites. In the presented study, the carbohydrate metabolism was analyzed in the very early response of plants to a low temperature (2 °C) in the leaves of 5-week-old potato plants of the Russet Burbank cultivar during the first 12 h of cold treatment (2 h dark and 10 h light). First, some plant stress indicators were examined and it was shown that short-term cold exposure did not significantly affect the relative water content and chlorophyll content (only after 12 h), but caused an increase in malondialdehyde concentration and a decrease in the expression of NDA1, a homolog of the NADH dehydrogenase gene. In addition, it was shown that the content of transitory starch increased transiently in the very early phase of the plant response (3–6 h) to cold treatment, and then its decrease was observed after 12 h. In contrast, soluble sugars such as glucose and fructose were significantly increased only at the end of the light period, where a decrease in sucrose content was observed. The availability of the monosaccharides at constitutively high levels, regardless of the temperature, may delay the response to cold, involving amylolytic starch degradation in chloroplasts. The decrease in starch content, observed in leaves after 12 h of cold exposure, was preceded by a dramatic increase in the transcript levels of the key enzymes of starch degradation initiation, the α-glucan, water dikinase (GWD-EC 2.7.9.4) and the phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD-EC 2.7.9.5). The gene expression of both dikinases peaked at 9 h of cold exposure, as analyzed by real-time PCR. Moreover, enhanced activities of the acid invertase as well as of both glucan phosphorylases during exposure to a chilling temperature were observed. However, it was also noticed that during the light phase, there was a general increase in glucan phosphorylase activities for both control and cold-stressed plants irrespective of the temperature. In conclusion, a short-term cold treatment alters the carbohydrate metabolism in the leaves of potato, which leads to an increase in the content of soluble sugars.

scholarly journals `Hass' Avocado Carbohydrate Fluctuations. I. Growth and Phenology

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Paul W. Robinson ◽  
Monica A. Madore ◽  
Guy W. Witney ◽  
Mary Lu Arpaia
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Hass Avocado

Seasonal fluctuations in nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) were studied in `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees on `Duke 7' rootstock over a 2-year period in southern California. On a dry weight basis, total soluble sugar (TSS) concentrations ranged from 33.0 to 236.0 mg·g-1 dry weight and were high compared to starch concentration (2.0 to 109.0 mg·g-1 dry weight) in all measured organs (stems, leaves, trunks and roots). The seven carbon (C7) sugars, D-mannoheptulose and perseitol, were the dominant soluble sugars detected. The highest starch and TSS concentrations were found in stem tissues, and in stems, a distinct seasonal fluctuation in starch and TSS concentrations was observed. This coincided with vegetative growth flushes over both sampling years. Stem TSS and starch concentrations increased beginning in autumn, with cessation of shoot growth, until midwinter, possibly due to storage of photosynthate produced during the winter photosynthetic period. TSS peaked in midwinter, while starch increased throughout the winter to a maximum level in early spring. A second peak in stem TSS was observed in midsummer following flowering and spring shoot growth. At this time, stem starch concentration also decreased to the lowest level of the year. This complementary cycling between stem TSS and starch suggests that a conversion of starch to sugars occurs to support vegetative growth and flowering, while sugars produced photosynthetically may be allocated directly to support flowering and fruit production.

scholarly journals Shading and DCPTA Interactively Influence Shoot Growth of Hypoestes

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 854D-854
Author(s):  
Sven E. Svenson
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Shoot Weight

The objective of this study was to determine if shading and DCPTA application interactively influence seedling emergence and shoot growth of Hypoestes phyllostachya Bak. seedlings. Hypoestes `Carmine Red' seeds were soaked for 6 h in distilled water, and then soaked 6 h in solutions containing' 10 mg DCPTA/liter (30 mM) and 0.1% Tween-80, 0.1% Tween-80, or distilled water. Date of seedling emergence was recorded after sowing (0.5 cm) in 9-cm (460 ml) pots filled with 440 ml of a 5 pine bark: 4 Florida sedge peat: 1 sand medium. Forty pots from each of the three seed-soak treatments were grown under 30%, 63%, or 84% shading, provided by saran-type shadecloth, using natural photoperiods (completely randomized design). Shoot heights and dry weights were recorded 75 days after sowing. Neither shading nor DCPTA influenced total seedling emergence or seedling emergence rate (time to 50% emergence). Under 30% shading, seedlings from DCPTA-treated seeds were taller and had more shoot dry weight than seedlings from surfactant- or water-treated-seeds; however, DCPTA did not influence seedling height or shoot weight under 63% or 84% shading.

scholarly journals Gibberellin Levels Are Not a Suitable Indicator for Properly Cold-treated Tulip Bulbs

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariken Rebers ◽  
Evert Vermeer ◽  
Erik Knegt ◽  
Linus H.W. van der Plas
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Tulipa Gesneriana ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tulip Bulbs ◽  
Ga Content

To find a suitable indicator for properly cold-treated tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Apeldoorn), the content of the endogenous free gibberellins (GAs) GA1, GA4, GA9, GA24, and GA34 was investigated. GA levels were measured in the shoots and basal plates at the start and at the end of a complete cold treatment of 12 weeks at 5 °C by combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards. Bulbs stored at 17 °C for 12 weeks served as controls and the experiment was repeated three times. Before the cold treatment, GA1 and GA4 were the major occurring GAs in the shoots. After 12 weeks, GA4 was the main GA component and the levels of GA1 were low in precooled and nonprecooled bulb shoots. The levels of GA4, GA9, GA24, and GA34 in precooled and nonprecooled bulb shoots and basal plates were similar. Hence, no direct correlation between cold-stimulated growth and a change in the endogenous GA status in shoots or basal plates was determined during the cold treatment. The free GA content in shoots or basal plates at the end of bulb storage cannot be used as a marker in a test for properly cold-treated `Apeldoorn' tulip bulbs.

Ecophysiological responses of almond (Prunus dulcis) seedlings to cadmium stress

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Elloumi ◽  
Mohamed Zouari ◽  
Leila Chaari ◽  
Chiraz Jomni ◽  
Bechir Ben Rouina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Ecophysiological Responses ◽  
Cd Exposure

AbstractAlmond (Prunus dulcis L.) seedlings were exposed to 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 μM of CdCl2 in a solution culture under controlled conditions. The effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on almond seedlings growth, stomatal architecture, gas exchange and physiological parameters were investigated.Under cadmium stress conditions, significant decrease in fresh and dry weight, length of shoot and chlorophyll content were observed. Stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthetic rates were generally depressed by Cd stress, despite stomatal frequency values and stomatal pore size remained unchanged. Exposure to Cd severely restricted the starch content and increased soluble sugars.

The effect of sample date and plant density on the carbohydrate content of forage maize and the changes that occur on ensiling

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar

SummaryThe (early maturing) maize hybrid, Anjou 210, was sown on 1 May (1975) and 50000 (LD) and 150000 (HD) plants/ha established. Leaf, stem, ear and husk components of the shoots, and whole shoots were separately examined for changes in dry weight, soluble sugars, starch, hemicellulose and cellulose at regular intervals from 104 to 154 days after planting together with whole shoots after ensiling.Throughout the sampling period whole shoot and ear dry weights increased steadily whereas those of leaf and stem decreased in plants from both treatments.Total soluble sugar contents for plants grown at LD were at a maximum 104 days after planting compared with 125 days after planting for the HD crop. Immediately prior to ensiling whole shoot soluble sugar content was 74 and 93 g/kg D.M. for LD and HD treatments respectively.Small amounts of starch (g/kg D.M.) were found in stems (10–25), husks (40–80) and leaves (17–35) of plants grown at both densities. The starch content of the ear increased from 57 to 390 g/kg D.M. and 168 to 376 g/kg D.M. in plants grown at LD and HD respectively.For plants from both treatments hemicellulose contents of husks, leaves and whole shoots increased with age whereas those of stems decreased. Cellulose contents did not vary greatly over the growing season.On ensiling plants from both densities, total soluble sugars had virtually disappeared after only 3 days. Apparent losses (approximately 0·3 g/g), over a longer period of time, were observed in hemicellulose sugars and starch. Apparent increases were observed in cellulose contents of approximately 0·15 g/g.

Photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda. II. Seasonal aspects of photosynthate allocation to different biochemical fractions in shoots

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsu-Ho Chung ◽  
Robert L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dynamic Allocation ◽  
Structural Growth ◽  
Photosynthate Allocation ◽  
Growing Conditions

Research was conducted to study (1) seasonal changes in tissue composition and (2) dynamic allocation of photosynthate to different biochemical fractions in growing shoots of the current and previous years of 15-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.). As the growing season progressed, the shoots increased rapidly in total biomass; however, old needles formed in the previous year lost dry weight. The most striking biochemical change was a rapid decrease in starch content of old needles early in the growing season. Soluble sugars and organic acids in old needles also decreased slightly. Contents of biochemical constituents generally increased in current axes and needles as the organs grew and increased in weight, although there were decreases in organic acid contents of current axes early in the growing season. Formation of nonlabile major constituents (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and protein) in current-year shoots proceeded at different rates. These rates were interpreted in terms of aspects of shoot growth and development. Seasonal allocation of photosynthates into biochemical constituent fractions in current year growth flushes was calculated. Results suggested that photosynthates were allocated to constituents of different functional categories (metabolism, storage, structure, and protection) at different times of the growing season in such a way that structural growth was of first priority. Thus, allocation of photosynthates to structural growth early in the season enables branches to compete for favorable growing conditions.

scholarly journals Mineral Nutrient and Carbohydrate Status of Loblolly Pine during Mist Propagation as Influenced by Stock Plant Nitrogen Fertility

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1279-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bradley Rowe ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Robert J. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
The Poor

Hedged stock plants of four full-sib families [27-2 × 27-5, 27-3 × 27-1, 27-2 × 27-1, and 27-6 × 27-1 (designated B, G, R, and W)] of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were fertilized daily with a complete nutrient solution containing N at 10, 25, 40, 55, or 70 mg·L–1. In May, terminal softwood stem cuttings were taken and placed under intermittent mist. Families were combined to form composite poor-rooting (BR) and good-rooting (GW) families. At 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sticking, cuttings were evaluated for rooting and analyzed for mineral nutrient and carbohydrate content. Percent rooting by week 12 for cuttings from stock plants receiving N between 25 to 70 mg·L–1 was 28% to 33%, whereas significantly fewer (17%) cuttings from plants receiving 10 mg·L–1 had rooted. By week 12, 98% of cuttings taken from stock plants receiving N at 10 mg·L–1 were alive, while significantly fewer (81% and 82%) of the more succulent cuttings receiving 55 and 70 mg·L–1, respectively, had survived. Nearly all increases in cutting height occurred within the first 3 weeks. In contrast, top dry weight increased steadily throughout the experiment. There were no significant differences in rooting between the two composite families until week 12, when 32% of cuttings from family GW had rooted compared with 24% for family BR. Survival of cuttings was greater for the poor-rooting family (BR) (94%) than for the good-rooting family (GW) (82%) after 12 weeks. Levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and individual soluble sugars were initially higher in cuttings taken from stock plants that received higher rates of N, whereas the reverse was true for starch content. With the exception of sucrose, content of TNC and soluble carbohydrates generally increased over time. Starch was nearly depleted by week 3, but had increased by weeks 6 and 9. No correlation was found between TNC: N ratios and rooting percentage. Family GW contained greater quantities of myo-inositol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), and TNC than did family BR. Mineral nutrient content was generally greater in cuttings taken from stock plants that received higher rates of N; these cuttings also maintained higher levels throughout the 12-week rooting period. As with the soluble carbohydrates, the good-rooting composite family (GW) contained greater amounts of all mineral nutrients than did the poor-rooting family BR.

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