Root pruning - a growth regulation practice in fruit crops.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (012) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavino Mathiyazhagan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Horticultural Practice

Abstract Root pruning is a horticultural practice from ages ago that has potential benefits on tree crop growth regulation and production. It is followed in orchards as a growth control mechanism of vigorously growing fruit trees. The growth regulation in trees is brought about by many physiological mechanisms involving water stress and assimilates partitioning to maintain the root: shoot equilibrium. Root pruning of structural roots increases the function and efficiency of functional roots in trees. It is widely practiced in transplanting of saplings which ensures better establishment. Time and selection of the distance from the trunk by root pruning may play an important role not only on vigour control but also on vegetative response and flower induction, fruit set; hence, they should be addressed as well. However, it will require additional experience, horticultural insight and better understanding of the physiological basis of the technique. It favours the large-scale adoption of root pruning in perennial fruit crops under high-density planting system in order to regulate the canopy size and regular bearing.

Peculiarities of the phytosanitary state of pome fruits in industrial horticulture

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
V. V. Antonenko ◽  
A. V. Zubkov ◽  
S. N. Kruchina
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Weed Plants ◽  
Spread Of Infection

Data were obtained on the basis of the results of research carried out on the territory of the educational and experimental farm of the Timiryazev State Agrarian University, in Moscow during 2018-2019. As a result of the surveys, the most dangerous diseases and pests of pome crops on the territory of this farm were established. The most resistant apple and pear varieties to major diseases have been identified. Peculiarities of development of alternariosis on pear are described, the harmfulness of the disease on pear and apple seedlings is noted. A possible role in the transfer of alternariosis infection from garden-protective plantations and weed vegetation to fruit trees was noted. A possible role has been established in the transport of septoriosis, powdery dew infection from dicotyledonous weeds plants. The peculiarities of the spread of infection under the influence of wind direction are noted. The results and peculiarities of the application of various methods of scaring birds in the orchard are presented. As a result of route surveys the most harmful weed plants have been identified. The possibility of using herbicides of different mechanism of action in fruit gardens for weed control has been studied. High efficiency and relative safety of application of herbicides of contact action in nursery fields, operational orchards and for control of piglets on fruit trees are shown. Recommendations are given for the use of soil and systemic herbicides of soil in seedlings beds, the first and second fields of the nursery, as well as in the process of production of large-scale planting material and operational orchards of fruit crops. The safety of the herbicides in question is established when used in accordance with the recommended methods of use.

What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
The Brain

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.

Investment in the agricultural sector as a way to solve food security problems in developing countries: the example of investment activity of the US agribusiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Stepanovna Ustinovich ◽  
Tatyana Petrovna Boldyreva
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Agricultural Investment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Benefits

It is clear to everyone that investment in the agricultural sector in developing countries is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and hunger in the world. Agricultural investment can generate a wide range of development opportunities. However, these benefi ts cannot be expected to arise automatically. Some forms of large-scale investment pose significant risks to investor states. It should be noted, however, that, despite discussions about the potential benefits and risks of international investment, there is still no evidence of negative actual consequences for the countries receiving investments. This article examines the issues of investment activity in relation to developing countries using the example of US agribusiness entities.

scholarly journals The effect of a crown shape on the activity of the processes of growth and the complexity of apple tree (Borkh) pruning in the conditions of the Piedmont zone of Crimea

2020 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Виктория Сергеевна Кириченко ◽  
Нина Александровна Бабинцева ◽  
Надежда Александровна Тихомирова
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Dense Distribution

Основным направлением повышения продуктивности насаждений плодовых культур будет смена технологических подходов по эксплуатации садовых экосистем, основой которых является загущенное размещение плодовых деревьев, изменение формы кроны с ограничением их размеров, подбор сортов, подвоев, отвечающих требованиям плотного размещения деревьев с высокой продуктивностью, хорошим качеством плодов. Цель исследований - изучение влияния формы кроны на структурные параметры, степень облиственности и трудоемкость затрат труда при обрезке для создания интенсивных садов на слаборослых подвоях. Были проведены трехлетние полевые опыты по схеме: 1 вариант - стройное веретено (контроль); 2 вариант - безлидерная уплощенная крона; 3 вариант - трёхлидерная крона; 4 вариант - французская ось при плотности посадки 2500 дер./га (4 х 1 м). Объектом исследований являлись сорта яблони Бреберн, Джалита, Ренет Симиренко на подвое ЕМ IX в саду с капельным поливом. Работа проводилась по методикам полевых опытов с плодовыми культурами. Установлено, что высокая ростовая активность наблюдалась у сорта Ренет Симиренко независимо от формы кроны, где параметры варьировали от 0,71 м до 1,06 м. Структура плодообразующей древесины дерева зависит от биологических особенностей сорта и формы кроны. На третий год после посадки сада в кронах деревьев свободного веретена и французской оси сформировано наибольшее количество генеративных образований от 20,3 и 24,7% (Джалита, Бреберн) до 23,3 и 25,6% (Ренет Симиренко). Трудоемкость обрезки зависит от сорта, формы кроны и структуры обрастающей древесины. Максимальные затраты труда применяет один человек на обрезку деревьев сорта Джалита с трехлидерной кроной (25,6 чел.-час./га) и безлидерной уплощенной кроной (22,9 чел.-час./га). На обрезку сада деревьев с кроной по типу французской оси требуется 1,0 и 1,4 дня одному человеку или 7,2 (Джалита) и 9,5чел.- час./га (Ренет Симиренко), что в 1,9 и 2,2 раза меньше, чем на обрезку деревьев по типу стройного веретена (контроль). Область применения - садоводческие с.-х. предприятия всех форм собственности, садоводы - любители, специалисты The main direction of improving the productivity of plantations of fruit crops will be a change of technological approaches to the use of garden ecosystems, based on dense placement of fruit trees, changing the shape of the crown cap size, selection of varieties, rootstocks, meeting the requirements of a dense distribution of trees with high productivity, good fruit quality. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of crown shape on structural parameters, the degree of foliage and labor coefficient of pruning for the creation of intensive gardens on dwarf rootstocks. We carried out three-year field experiments according to the scheme: option 1 - slender spindle (control); option 2 - leaderless flattened crown; option 3 - triple leaders crown; option 4 - French axe, when planting density was 2500 trees/ha (4 х 1 м). The varieties ‘Braeburn’, ‘Dzhalita’, ‘Renet Simirenko’ on the rootstock EM IX in the garden with drip irrigation were the object of research. The study was performed according to the techniques of field experiments with fruit crops. It was found that high growth activity was observed for the variety ‘Renet Simirenko’, regardless the form of the crown, with parameters ranged from 0.71 m to 1,06 м. The structure of carpogenous wood depended on the biological characteristics of variety and crown shape. In the third year after planting the garden in the trees of control and French axe the greatest number of generative formations from 20.3 and 24.7% (‘Dzhalita’, ‘Braeburn’) to 23.3 and 25.6% (‘Renet Simirenko’) were developed. The complexity of pruning depended on the variety, the crown shape and the structure of the overgrown wood. Maximum labor cost one person spends for pruning the variety ‘Dzhalita’ with triple leader crown (25.6 man-hour/ha) and leaderless flattened crown (22.9 man-hour/ha). Pruning trees with French axe type of crown required 1.0 and 1.4 days per one person or 7.2 (‘Dzhalita’) and 9.5 man-hour/ha (‘Renet Simirenko’), which was 1.9 and 2.2 times less than the pruning according to the control. The scopes of the research are horticultural agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership, gardener amateurs and experts.

scholarly journals Mol-BERT: An Effective Molecular Representation with BERT for Molecular Property Prediction

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Juncai Li ◽  
Xiaofei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Property ◽  
Property Prediction ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Current Sequence

Molecular property prediction is an essential task in drug discovery. Most computational approaches with deep learning techniques either focus on designing novel molecular representation or combining with some advanced models together. However, researchers pay fewer attention to the potential benefits in massive unlabeled molecular data (e.g., ZINC). This task becomes increasingly challenging owing to the limitation of the scale of labeled data. Motivated by the recent advancements of pretrained models in natural language processing, the drug molecule can be naturally viewed as language to some extent. In this paper, we investigate how to develop the pretrained model BERT to extract useful molecular substructure information for molecular property prediction. We present a novel end-to-end deep learning framework, named Mol-BERT, that combines an effective molecular representation with pretrained BERT model tailored for molecular property prediction. Specifically, a large-scale prediction BERT model is pretrained to generate the embedding of molecular substructures, by using four million unlabeled drug SMILES (i.e., ZINC 15 and ChEMBL 27). Then, the pretrained BERT model can be fine-tuned on various molecular property prediction tasks. To examine the performance of our proposed Mol-BERT, we conduct several experiments on 4 widely used molecular datasets. In comparison to the traditional and state-of-the-art baselines, the results illustrate that our proposed Mol-BERT can outperform the current sequence-based methods and achieve at least 2% improvement on ROC-AUC score on Tox21, SIDER, and ClinTox dataset.

When Participation Wins Votes: Explaining the Emergence of Large-Scale Participatory Democracy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
National Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Costs ◽  
Participatory Institutions ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Nationwide Implementation

Why are large-scale participatory institutions implemented in some countries but only adopted on paper in others? I argue that nationwide implementation of Binding Participatory Institutions (BPIs)––a critical subtype of participatory institutions––is dependent on the backing of a strong institutional supporter, often a political party. In turn, parties will only implement BPIs if they place a lower value on the political costs than on the potential benefits of implementation. This will be true if: 1) significant societal demand exists for BPI implementation and 2) the party’s political opponents cannot take advantage of BPIs for their own gain. I test this theory through two detailed case studies of Venezuela and Ecuador, drawing on 165 interviews with key national-level actors and grassroots activists.

Response of Growth Inhibitor Paclobutrazol in Fruit Crops

Prunus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naira Ashraf ◽  
Moieza Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Colour Development ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
And Control

Paclobutrazol (PBZ; IUPAC name: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol) is a triazol derivative and an antagonist of gibberellins. It has been shown to inhibit shoot growth in various perennial fruit trees. Paclobutrazol application reduced the number of shoots, transforming trees into a more desirable, spur-type growth habit as the vegetative sink was reduced. This compound induces an early and intense flowering, diminishing vegetative growth and reducing the extension of buds, allowing for ripening and the initiation of apical buds inflorescence. Besides, it also increases fruit set, the years following application as a carryover effect. An increase in return bloom is a common response to paclobutrazol treatment and has been reported for various fruit crops. Paclobutrazol is widely used to advance harvest maturity in various fruit crops and it improves fruit quality in terms of accelerated colour development, delayed and synchronized fruit maturation and control of preharvest fruit drop. It is known to improve fruit physical and fruit chemical characteristics. Fruit calcium is increased for 2–3 years due to carry over effect. It helps in the maintenance of better fruit quality during storage and influences nutrient uptake in various fruit crops including stone fruits. It has been characterized as an environmentally stable compound in soil and water environments with a long half-life under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

scholarly journals Dwarfing-canopy and rootstock cultivars for fruit trees

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Donadio ◽  
Ildo Eliezer Lederman ◽  
Sergio Ruffo Roberto ◽  
Eduardo Sanches Stucchi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks ◽  
Dwarfing Rootstocks

Abstract As fruit trees generally have a large size, the production of small or even dwarf trees is of great interest for most of fruit crops. In this review, some of the main tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit trees that have small or even dwarfing cultivars are approached. The causes of dwarfism, although the use of dwarfing rootstocks, is the main theme of this review. The factors that affect the size of the fruit trees are also approached, as well the dwarf cultivars of banana, papaya and cashew, and the dwarf rootstocks for guava, mango, anonaceae, loquat, citrus, apple and peach trees.

Sukuk as an Infrastructure-Financing Tool

2020 ◽  
pp. 770-787
Author(s):  
Ahliddin Malikov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Islamic Finance ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Depth Interviews

Although many studies have stressed potential benefits of using Sukuk for funding large-scale infrastructure projects, several technical, legal, and political obstacles that are encountered by new sovereign and corporate issuers, investors, and Shari'ah boards remain largely unexplored. This research evaluates the opportunities, barriers, and potential risks for future Sukuk issuances that are proposed for funding large-scale infrastructure projects in developing countries. A purposive sampling method was employed to conduct in-depth interviews with several Islamic finance experts in support of the qualitative data analysis. Using the maximal variation and snowball approach, the researcher identifies the key challenges for large-scale Sukuk issuances and provides useful interpretations that can contribute to the expansion of Sukuk structures for a wider international investor base.

Effects of Insulin and Glycaemic Management on Neuromuscular Function

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greet Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Neuromuscular Function ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Electrophysiological Findings

Observational studies have indicated an association between stress-induced hyperglycaemia and neuromuscular complications in critically ill patients. This observation is further supported by electrophysiological findings from two randomized controlled trials which suggested that titrating insulin therapy to achieve a normal blood glucose has a beneficial effect on neuromuscular function, associated with a reduced need for prolonged mechanical ventilation. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms explaining these clinical observations are not well understood. There is no clear evidence that insulin has anabolic effects on muscle nor that it provides mitochondrial protection. It is possible that the effect of insulin therapy reflects a protective action on peripheral nerves; however, this hypothesis awaits confirmation. Overall, the potential benefits on neuromuscular function must be considered in light of large-scale randomized trials which demonstrate equivalent or worse outcome in critically ill patients managed with intensive insulin therapy.

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