The effect of financial access on convergence: evidence from the US agricultural sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Erick Kitenge ◽  
Saima Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Financial Access ◽  
The Us

Terms and Balance of Trade of Indian Agricultural Sector during Pre and Post-WTO Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-293
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Basmati Rice ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Unit Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Frozen Shrimp ◽  
Plantation Crops

India is the world’s third-largest economy after the US and China. India is also one of the leading producer of spices, fish, poultry, livestock and plantation crops, and leading exports consisted of basmati rice, meat of bovine animals, frozen shrimp and prawns, cotton and refined sugar. The study was based on secondary data collected from the various published sources, viz., various issues of handbook of RBI, FAO trade yearbook, Statistical Abstract of India, FAOSTAT, etc. The data were grouped into two periods Pre-WTO 1975-94 and Post-WTO 1995-2015.The exports volume indices for agricultural sector of India were increased by 129.41 percent from 17 in 1975 to 39 in 1994. Besides, the volume indices of imports declined by 56.16 percent from 73 in 1975 to 32 in 1994 for agricultural sector of India. The unit value indices of agricultural exports of India declined by 17.69 percent from 113 in 1975 to 93 in 1994. However, the agricultural import indices grew considerably 171.42 percent from 42 in 1975 to 114 in 1994.The quantity terms of trade for agricultural sector of India was deteriorated by 80.89 percent from 429.41 in 1975 to 82.05 in 1994. Likewise, value terms of trade for agricultural sector of India also depreciated by 67.44 percent from 269.05 in 1975 to 81.58 in 1994. The exports volume indices for agricultural sector of India were increased by 125 percent from 72 in 1995 to 162 in 2015. The volume indices of imports were also enlarged by 934.78 percent from 23 in 1995 to 238 in 2015 for agricultural sector of India. The unit value indices, which measure the average price realization, indicated a significant increase in unit value indices of agricultural exports of India turn up by 131.76 percent from 85 in 1995 to 197 in 2015. However, the agricultural import indices declined by 0.64 percent during post-WTO period. The quantity terms of trade, as well as value terms of trade for agricultural sector of India, was improved by 359.95 and 133.25 percent, respectively during post-WTO regime. The trade balance of Indian agricultural sector showed a favorable balance during pre-WTO period as well as post-WTO period.

The Prosperity Paradox

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Martin
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
New Era ◽  
Labor Policies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vulnerable Workers

Why do farm workers become more vulnerable as countries get richer? As countries get richer, the share of workers employed in agriculture falls. In richer countries, hired farm workers do ever more of the work on the fewer and larger farms that produce most farm commodities. These hired workers include local workers who lack the skills and contacts needed to get nonfarm jobs that usually offer higher wages and more opportunities as well as legal and unauthorized migrants from poorer countries who may not know or exercise their labor-related rights. Government enforcement of labor laws depends on complaints, and vulnerable workers rarely complain. The Prosperity Paradox explains why farm-worker problems often worsen as the agricultural sector shrinks and lays out options to help vulnerable workers. Analysis of farm labor markets in the US, Mexico, and other countries shows that unions and fair trade efforts to protect farm workers cover a very small share of all workers and are unlikely to expand quickly. Most labor-intensive fruits and vegetables are eaten fresh. Unsafe food that sickened consumers led to voluntary industry and later government-mandated food-safety programs to ensure that food is safe when it leaves the farm, with protocols enforced by both government inspectors and buyers who refused to buy from noncompliant farms. This food-safety model offers the most promise for a new era in protective labor policies.

Investment in the agricultural sector as a way to solve food security problems in developing countries: the example of investment activity of the US agribusiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Stepanovna Ustinovich ◽  
Tatyana Petrovna Boldyreva
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Agricultural Investment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Benefits

It is clear to everyone that investment in the agricultural sector in developing countries is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and hunger in the world. Agricultural investment can generate a wide range of development opportunities. However, these benefi ts cannot be expected to arise automatically. Some forms of large-scale investment pose significant risks to investor states. It should be noted, however, that, despite discussions about the potential benefits and risks of international investment, there is still no evidence of negative actual consequences for the countries receiving investments. This article examines the issues of investment activity in relation to developing countries using the example of US agribusiness entities.

Climate, insurance and innovation: the case of drought and innovations in drought-tolerant traits in US agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1826-1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiqing Miao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
Crowding Out ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Agricultural Innovations

Abstract This paper investigates the effects of crop insurance on agricultural innovation (namely, drought-tolerant traits) in the context of climate change. A conceptual framework is developed to model the market equilibrium of agricultural innovations. Hypotheses derived are then tested by using data for US agriculture. We find that the US agricultural sector responds to climate variation by increasing innovation activities, but this response is weakened by subsidised crop insurance by about 23 per cent. This indicates that crop insurance may have an unintended crowding-out effect as an option of risk management and may inhibit societies’ long-run capacity to adapt to climate change.

PESTICIDE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXTERNALITIES FROM US AGRICULTURE — THE IMPACT OF THEIR INTERNALIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350008 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKOLINKA SHAKHRAMANYAN ◽  
UWE A. SCHNEIDER ◽  
BRUCE A. McCARL
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Emission Mitigation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect.

scholarly journals Building local brand for fresh fruits and vegetables: A strategic approach aimed at strengthening the local agricultural sector

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Just ◽  
Amir Heiman
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
The Us ◽  
Willingness To Purchase ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Abstract The debate about whether to reduce import barriers on fresh produce in order to decrease the cost of living and increase welfare or to continue protecting the local agricultural sector by imposing import duties on fresh vegetables and fruits has been part of the Israeli and the US political dialog. The alternative of building a strong local brand that will direct patriotic feelings to support of the agricultural sector has been previously discussed in the literature as a non-tax barrier to global competition. The motivation of consumers to pay more for local fresh fruits and vegetables are better quality, environmental concerns, altruism, and ethnocentrism. Local patriotic feelings are expected to be stronger among national-religious consumers and weaker among secular left wing voters. This project empirically analyzes consumers’ attitude toward local agricultural production, perceptions of the contribution of the agricultural sector to society and how these perceptions interact with patriotic beliefs and socio-political variables perhaps producing an ethnocentric preference for fruits and vegetables. This patriotic feeling may be contrasted with feelings toward rival (or even politically opposing) countries competing in the same markets. Thus geo-political landscape may help shape the consumer’s preferences and willingness to purchase particular products. Our empirical analysis is based on two surveys, one conducted among Israeli shoppers and one conducted among US households. We find strong influences of nationalism, patriotism and ethnocentrism on demand for produce in both samples. In the case of Israel this manifests itself as a significant discount demanded for countries in conflict with Israel (e.g., Syria or Palestine), with the discount demanded being related to the strength of the conflict. Moreover, the effect is larger for those who are either more religious, or those who identify with right leaning political parties. The results from the US are strikingly similar. For some countries the perception of conflict is dependent on political views (e.g., Mexico), while for others there is a more agreement (e.g., Russia). Despite a substantially different religious and political landscape, both right leaning political views and religiosity play strong roles in demand for foreign produce. 

Dynamic assessment of agro-industrial sector efficiency and productivity changes among G20 nations

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110560
Author(s):  
Ying Feng ◽  
Ching-Cheng Lu ◽  
I-Fang Lin ◽  
Jia-Yan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

In this study, the Group of 20 (G20; excluding EU economies) were selected as the research objects, and the dynamic network slacks-based model (SBM) was used to evaluate the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and forested area on the efficiency and productivity of the industrial and agricultural sectors from 2011 to 2015. Empirical results showed that: (1) The efficiency of the industrial sector was superior to that of the agricultural sector among the G20 countries. Argentina, Australia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK, and the US maintained the best industrial sector efficiency values, falling on the efficiency boundary, whereas Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Indonesia, South Korea, Russia, and the US had the best agricultural sector efficiency values. (2) Argentina, Indonesia, and the US had the best overall efficiency value of G20 countries. Saudi Arabia (0.0303), China (0.2721), and the UK (0.2809) had the lowest efficiency values. (3) Only France and Germany had higher than average total factor productivity, while Indonesia and Saudi Arabia had declining industrial and agricultural sector productivity. (4) The proportion of forested area (546.02%) was the most important variable to be improved due to the influence of desert topography, followed by the proportion of agricultural output values (60.86%) and the proportion of industrial output values (38.02%) in some countries.

scholarly journals Antidumping Duties in the Agriculture Sector: Trade Restricting or Trade Deflecting?

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Malhotra ◽  
Horatiu Rus ◽  
Shinan Kassam
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antidumping Duties ◽  
Antidumping Duty

In this article we analyze whether US antidumping (AD) duties in the agricultural sector are effective in restricting trade. More specifically, does imposing an antidumping duty restrict imports of the named commodity or are imports deflected from countries named in the AD petition to countries not named in the petition? We find that AD duties have significantly restricted imports of agricultural commodities from countries named in the petition. However, our results also indicate that, unlike the manufacturing sector in the US, there was little trade diversion towards countries not named in the petition. Our results indicate that AD is a plausible protectionist policy in the agriculture sector.

The suitability of computer-based training for workers with limited formal education: a case study from the US agricultural sector

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kent Anger ◽  
Jeff Stupfel ◽  
Tammara Ammerman ◽  
Alys Tamulinas ◽  
Todd Bodner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Computer Based Training ◽  
The Us ◽  
Computer Based

scholarly journals Development trends of the fuel and energy resources market in agricultural sector of Ukraine

Ekonomika APK ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 313 (11) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Zakharchuk ◽  
Tetiana Matsybora
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Dollar Exchange Rate ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Rate Research

The purpose of the article is to establish the main trends in the development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector, to build a model for calculating the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine, depending on world oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate. Research methods. In the process of research, the dialectical method of scientific cognition, analysis and synthesis, system generalization (establishment of the basic tendencies of development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector, formation of conclusions) is used; analytical alignment of the trend (linear) (identifying the trend in the dynamics of demand for gasoline and diesel fuel) were used; world oil prices and retail prices for gasoline and diesel fuel in Ukraine); correlation and regression analysis (quantitative measurement of the degree of influence on the price of diesel fuel of both individual factors and their combination; construction of a regression model for calculating the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine depending on world oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate). Research results. The main trends in the development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector of Ukraine have been established. The degree of influence of both individual factors and their combination on the price of diesel fuel has been determined. A regression model is built for calculating the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine depending on world oil prices and the US dollar exchange rate. A short-term forecast of the price of diesel fuel in Ukraine has been carried out. Scientific novelty. Based on the establishment of the main trends in the development of the market of fuel and energy resources in the agricultural sector, an econometric model based on multiple linear regression has been built, which allows determining the relationship between the retail price of diesel fuel in Ukraine and the world oil price, as well as the dollar exchange rate. Practical significance. Conclusions, suggestions and practical recommendations can be used in the development of investment projects in agriculture and the formation of state programs for the agricultural sector development. Tabl.: 4, Figs.: 4. Refs.: 14.

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