Personal Space Requirements in IndoorVersusOutdoor Locations

1984 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Cochran ◽  
W. Daniel Hale ◽  
Christine P. Hissam
Keyword(s):  
Personal Space ◽  
Space Requirements

Personal Space, Sex of Experimenter, and Locus of Control in Normal and Delinquent Adolescents

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Beck ◽  
Thomas H. Ollendick
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Adolescent Males ◽  
Personality Variable ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
Subjective Discomfort

This study investigated the interrelationship of personal space, sex of experimenter, and locus of control in 28 delinquent and 28 normal adolescent males (13 to 17 yr. old). The personal space measure was the distance at which the subjective discomfort felt by the adolescent caused him to stop the approaching experimenter. The experimenter approached from the front, rear, left, and right side of the adolescent. Results indicated that: (a) these delinquents did not demand greater personal space than normals, (b) there was a significant increase in personal space from front to rear for both groups, (c) both groups allowed female experimenters to approach closer than male experimenters, and (d) while delinquents were more external than normals, this personality variable did not mediate personal space requirements. In general, delinquents were similar to normals on all personal space indices.

scholarly journals Personal space Increases during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Response to Real and Virtual Humans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne J Holt ◽  
Sarah Zapetis ◽  
Baktash Babadi ◽  
Roger B.H. Tootell
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Virtual Humans ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
Space Requirements

Typically, people maintain a certain distance from others (personal space) during daily life, in a largely automatic, unconscious manner. However during the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing recommendations led to deliberate expansions of personal space outside of intimate social circles. In the laboratory, personal space preferences are quite stable over repeated measurements. Here, we collected such measurements both before and during the pandemic in the same individuals, using both conventional and virtual reality-based techniques. We found that the size of personal space, and discomfort ratings in response to personal space intrusions, increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in response to both real humans and virtual others. Moreover, this increase in personal space requirements correlated with the perceived, not the actual, risk of being infected with COVID-19, even in a virtual reality environment in which there was no possibility of infection. Thus, quantification of personal space may reveal some of the psychological effects of the pandemic, and subsequent progress towards recovery.

Personal space requirements of mares versus geldings (Equus caballus): welfare implications and visual representation of spatial data via Spatial Web diagrams)

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 203-206
Author(s):  
N. Morgan ◽  
H. Randle
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Space Requirements

Increasing numbers of mares are competing at elite levels, and are recognised as being crucial to the production of high calibre sport horses. The management strategies utilised to look after horses affect their welfare and performance. By its very nature the domestication of horses has resulted in their confinement and also in major alterations to their natural social group structure. Most domestic pasture groups comprise mares and castrated males (Van Dierendonck, Sigorjonsdottir and Thorhallsdottir, 2002) and in the absence of a mature stallion are non-reproductive (Boyd and Kieper, 2002). Many equine behaviour studies have been directed at improving welfare and performance, but few centre on Personal Space Requirements (PSR). This study examines whether equine PSR varies between gender. Human personal space (PS) is defined as ‘the geographical component of interpersonal relations’ (Gifford, 1983) and its invasion is shown to cause instantaneous physiological stress (increased blood pressure and heart rate) and longer-lasting psychological stress (anxiety and tension), particularly when individuals can only endure exposure to stress passively (Sawada, 2003).

Transitioning Business for a Circular Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Operational Model ◽  
New Vision ◽  
To Come ◽  
Space Requirements

This case study explores the strategic business opportunities, for Lane Crawford, an iconic luxury department store, to transition in a circular economy towards sustainability. A new experimentation framework was developed and conducted among cross departmental employees, during a Design Lab, with intention to co-create novel Circular Economy business concepts towards a new vision: the later was a reframe of the old system based on the principles of sustainability; to move beyond a linear operational model towards a circular economy that can contribute to a regenerative society. This work draws on both academic and professional experience and was conducted through professional practice. It was found that innovative co-created concepts, output from the Design Lab, can create radical change in a circular economy that is holistically beneficial and financially viable; looking forward to extract greater value a)Internal organization requires remodeling to transform towards a circular economy; b)Requirement for more horizonal teams across departments vs solely vertical; c)New language and relationships are required to be able to transition towards a circular economy; d)Some form of physical and virtual space requirements, for cross-disciplinary teams to come together to co-create; e)Ability to iterate, learn and evolve requires agency across the business

PEMANFAATAN MARKA JALAN UNTUK MENGATUR BATAS TERITORIAL PERILAKU PADA PASAR MINGGU PAGI (SUNDAY MORNING MARKET) UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA (Studi Kasus : Jalan Olahraga Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ricardo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sunday Morning ◽  
Populated Area ◽  
Behavior Setting ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Data Field ◽  
Territorial Division ◽  
Gathering Data

Abstract: This Research is one of methods to figure out the benefits from the use of marking road. A special handling is needed to the violations of Marking Road especially for populated area that located on lack of attention area. Sunday morning market of University of Gadjah Mada has tight activities every Sunday morning and Olahraga street is the study sample that represent other streets. This research using qualitative methods by gathering data field and interview to obtain results such as site size, history, behavior setting, behavior mapping, and personal space. The use of marking road must be related to territorial division of activities such as function and activity that is happening.  Territory happened through a different process every its object.  There are two divisions of territory for Sunday Market Morning that are Primary Territory and Secondary Territory. Primary Territory includes kiosk traders, parking attendants, and visitors. On the other hand, Secondary territory is a space that is used together such as secondary road or the divisor road. After the division of territories is obtained then the data is analyzed to get some alternatives. The alternatives are compared to get the pattern of territories that can be arranged through the use of Marking Road.Keywords: Marking Road, Territorial, Sunday Morning Market of Gadjah Mada University    Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengetahui manfaat dari penggunaan marka jalan. Pelanggaran terhadap marka jalan perlu penanganan khusus terutama daerah-daerah padat yang terdapat pada jalur jalan lingkungan yang kurang menjadi perhatian. Pasar Minggu Pagi (Sunday Morning Market) Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta termasuk memiliki kegiatan padat setiap minggu pagi dan jalan olahraga sebagai sampel penelitian mewakili jalan yang lain. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data lapangan dan wawancara sehingga mendapatkan data seperti ukuran site, sejarah, behavior setting, behavior mapping, dan personal space. Penggunaan marka jalan pasti berhubungan dengan pembagian batas teritori kegiatan seperti fungsi dan aktivitas yang terjadi. Teritori terjadi melalui proses yang berbeda-beda tiap objeknya. Pada Sunday Morning Market terdapat pembagian dua teritori yaitu primary territory dan secondary territory. Primary territory meliputi pedagang kios, pelaku parkir, dan pengunjung. Sedangkan secondary territory merupakan ruang yang dipakai bersama seperti jalan sekunder ataupun jalan pembagi. Setelah didapatkan pembagian teritorinya maka dianalisis dan mendapatkan beberapa alternatif. Alternatif tersebut dibandingkan sehingga mendapatkan pola teritori yang dapat diatur melalui penggunaan marka jalan.Kata kunci: Marka Jalan, Teritorial, Pasar Minggu Pagi Universitas Gadjah Mada

„MAGIŠKASIS KAMBARYS“: GYVYBINGA IR PRISITAIKANTI VAISTINĖLĖS TRADICIJA LIETUVOS BAJORŲ NAMUOSE

2018 ◽  
pp. 164-195
Author(s):  
Marius Daraškevičius
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Single Room ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Manor House ◽  
Medicine Cabinet ◽  
Culture Education

The article discusses the causes of emergence and spreading of a still room (Lith. vaistinėlė, Pol. apteczka), the purpose of the room, the location in the house planning structure, relations to other premises, its equipment, as well as the role of a still room in everyday culture. An examination of the case of a single room, the still room, in a noblemen’s home is also aimed at illustrating the changes in home planning in the late eighteenth – early twentieth century: how they adapted to the changing hygiene standards, perception of personal space, involvement of the manor owners in community treatment, and changes in dining and hospitality culture. Keywords: still room, household medicine cabinet, manor house, interior, sczlachta culture, education, dining culture, modernisation, Lithuania.

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