Effects of changes in applied nitrogen concentrations on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen accumulation during the soybean growth period

The effects of night temperature on plant morphology and nitrogen accumulation were examined in rice (Oryza sativaL.) during vegetative growth. The results showed that the shoot biomass of the plants was greater at 27°C (high nighttime temperature, HNT) than at 22°C (CK). However, the increase in both shoot and root biomasses was not significant under 10 mg N/L. The shoot nitrogen concentrations were 16.1% and 16.7% higher in HNT than in CK under 160 and 40 mg N/L. These results suggest that plant N uptake was enhanced under HNT; however, the positive effect might be limited by the N status of the plants. In addition, leaf area, plant height, root maximum length, root and shoot nitrogen concentrations, soluble leaf protein content, and soluble leaf carbohydrate content were greater in HNT than in CK under 40 and 160 mg N/L, while fresh root volume, root number, and the content of free amino acid in leaf were not significantly different between HNT and CK regardless of nitrogen levels. Moreover, leaf GS activity under HNT was increased at 160 mg N/L compared with that under CK, which might partly explain the positive effect of HNT on soluble protein and carbohydrate content.

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On the Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen by Phoma Radicis Callunae, including a New Method for Investigating Nitrogenfixation in Micro-Organisms

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.6.2.167 ◽

1928 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 167-189

Author(s):

W. NEILSON JONES ◽

M. LLEWELLYN SMITH

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Nitrogen Starvation ◽

Molecular Nitrogen ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Growth Period ◽

Calluna Vulgaris ◽

Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽

Free Medium ◽

New Apparatus ◽

Micro Organisms

(1) Evidence from chemical analyses of seeds of Calluna mdgaris and of seedlings grown on a nitrogen-free medium confirms the view that this plant can obtain nitrogenous supplies from the air, probably in the form of molecular nitrogen, in sufficient amount to prevent the advent of any symptoms of nitrogen starvation. (2) A new apparatus for the investigation of nitrogen-fixation by micro-organisms is described. (3) Using the above apparatus, experiments on the mycorrhizal fungus of Calluna vulgaris are described in which this organism was grown in pure culture on a nitrogen-free medium with and without a supply of molecular nitrogen. The evidence obtained indicates that the amount of glucose used by the fungus during growth, and the amount of nitrogen contained in the culture at the end of the growth period are greater under the former condition. It is concluded that the fungus in question can utilise the molecular nitrogen of the air in some degree under the conditions of the experiments, although these were not the most favourable possible for nitrogen-fixation. It is considered that the results obtained justify an extension of these experiments using a strain of the fungus freshly extracted from the Calluna plant.

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Nitrogen fixation associated with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poapratensis L.)

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m79-186 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 1197-1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R. C. Shearman ◽

W. L. Pedersen ◽

R. V. Klucas ◽

E. J. Kinbacher

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Acetylene Reduction ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Acetylene Reduction Activity ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Reduction Activity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Reduction Assay

Associative nitrogen fixation in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turfs inoculated with five nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the acetylene reduction assay and nitrogen accumulation as indicators of fixation. 'Park' and 'Nugget' Kentucky bluegrass turfs were grown in controlled environment chambers and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W-2, W-6, and W-14), Erwinia herbicola (W-8), and Enterobacter cloacae (W-11). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had significant acetylene reduction activity using undisturbed turfs. Other treatments including turfs treated with heat-killed cells had no significant difference in acetylene reduction. In a second study, 'Park' and 'South Dakota Certified' turfs were grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) and E. herbicola (W-8). 'Park' inoculated with K. pneumoniae (W-6) had increased acetylene reduction activity rates and also a greater nitrogen accumulation in aerial tissues when compared to controls. Acetylene reduction activity was correlated (r = 0.92) to nitrogen accumulation. Other treatments did not effectively increase acetylene reduction activity or nitrogen accumulation.

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Nitrogen for growth of stock plants and production of strawberry runner tips

Bragantia ◽

10.1590/s0006-87052012005000027 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 394-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Djeimi Isabel Janisch ◽

Jerônimo Luiz Andriolo ◽

Vinícius Toso ◽

Kamila Gabriele Ferreira dos Santos ◽

Jéssica Maronez de Souza

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Growth Period ◽

Dry Matter Partitioning ◽

Area Index ◽

Camino Real ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations ◽

Crown Roots

The objective of this research was to determine growth and dry matter partitioning among organs of strawberry stock plants under five Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution and its effects on emission and growth of runner tips. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, from September 2010 to March 2011, in a soilless system with Oso Grande and Camino Real cultivars. Nitrogen concentrations of 5.12, 7.6, 10.12 (control), 12.62 and 15.12 mmol L-1 in the nutrient solution were studied in a 5x2 factorial randomised experimental design. All runner tips bearing at least one expanded leaf (patent requested) were collected weekly and counted during the growth period. The number of leaves, dry matter (DM) of leaves, crown and root, specific leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) was determined at the final harvest. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution from 5.12 to 15.12 mmol L-1 reduces growth of crown, roots and LAI of strawberry stock plants but did not affect emission and growth of runner tips. It was concluded that for the commercial production of plug plants the optimal nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution should be 5.12 mmol L-1.

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Comparative nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and growth of Glycine wightii cv. Cooper and Phaseolus atropurpureus cv. Siratro seedlings

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9720001 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

JR Wilson

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Full Range ◽

Sand Culture ◽

Nodule Development ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Active Nitrogen ◽

Plant Weight ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Seed Reserves

The growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of Glycine wightii cv. Cooper (Glycine) and Phaseolus atropurpureus cv. Siratro (Siratro) were compared in a glasshouse, sand culture techniques being used in a series of trials encompassing a full range of seasonal environments. Plants were inoculated with the commercial Rhizobium strain (CB756) for both species either at germination or 12 days later when seed reserves were virtually exhausted. In both early and late inoculation treatments, Siratro nodulated and established nitrogen fixation more rapidly than did Glycine. This difference between the species was not directly associated with the marked difference in seed size. When active nitrogen fixation was fully established, the disadvantage shown by Glycine in the early nodulation phase was not evident, and the treatments were similar in the rate of growth and nitrogen accumulation, proportion of nodule weight to whole plant weight, proportion of pigmented nodules, efficiency of nitrogen fixation, and concentration of nitrogen in the whole plant. The relatively slow initial nodule development in Glycine is probably one of the important factors hindering the field establishment of seedlings, but in subsequent growth the symbiosis appears fully effective.

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Fallowing and wheat production in southern NSW

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9660233 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 6 (22) ◽

pp. 233 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

GD Kohn ◽

RR Storrier ◽

EG Cuthbertson

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Weed Control ◽

Mineral Nitrogen ◽

Yield Response ◽

Winter Period ◽

Wagga Wagga ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

High Fertility ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations

The response of wheat to the length of fallow, to the number of cultivations, and to pre-planting chemical control of weeds on high fertility soils was determined under winter rainfall conditions at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, over four years commencing 1960-61. Length of fallow had little influence on the conservation of rainfall except in 1961-62, when approximately twice the average summer rainfall added 1.8 inches of soil moisture per acre 48 inches. Long fallow increased available nitrogen accumulation, but this did not increase yield over either the mechanically prepared shorter fallows, or pre-planting chemical weed control. This was due to losses during the autumn-winter period of some of the excess mineral nitrogen that accrued during the long fallow. High mineral nitrogen concentrations also occurred during the summer on weed-free, uncultivated soils. Grain yield after a single autumn cultivation was as high as after a long fallow except in 1961-62. In this year the long fallow (September to May) significantly increased yields over all other treatments. The absence of any positive yield response to the application of 60 to 80 lb nitrogen an acre to short fallows suggests that mineral nitrogen concentrations were generally adequate for grain production. The addition of nitrogen to long fallows often depressed yields. The dependence of grain yield on adequate weed control is illustrated by a highly significant negative correlation (r = -0.849 ; P<0.001) of grain yield with weed growth. It is concluded that in the Wagga Wagga environment weed control is more important than moisture conservation and mineral nitrogen accumulation through fallowing.

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Sowing time and tillage practice affect chickpea yield and nitrogen fixation. 2. Nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen fixation and soil nitrogen balance

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9960701 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 701 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

CP Horn ◽

RC Dalal ◽

CJ Birch ◽

JA Doughton

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

N2 Fixation ◽

N Balance ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Soil Nitrate ◽

Soil N ◽

Tillage Practice ◽

Sowing Time ◽

N Accumulation

Following long-term studies at Warra, on the western Darling Downs, chckpea (Cicer anetinum) was selected as a useful grain legume cash crop with potential for improvement of its nitrogen (N) fixing ability through management. This 2-year study examined the effect of sowing time and tillage practice on dry matter yield, grain yield (Horn et al. 1996), N accumulation, N2 fixation, and the subsequent soil N balance. Generally, greater N accumulation resulted from sowing in late autumn-early winter (89-117 kg N/ha) than sowing in late winter (76-90 kg N/ha). The amount of N2 fixed was low in both years (15-32 kg N/ha), and was not significantly affected by sowing time or tillage. The potential for N2 fixation was reduced in both years due to high initial soil nitrate levels and low total biomass of chickpea because of low rainfall. Nitrogen accumulation by grain was higher under zero tillage (ZT) than conventional tillage (CT) for all sowing times, and this affected the level of grain N export. The consequence of low N2 fixation and high N export in chickpea grain was a net loss of total soil N, (2-48 kg N/ha under CT and 22-59 kg N/ha under ZT). Management practices to ensure larger biomass production and lower soil nitrate-N levels may result in increased N2 fixation by chickpea and thus a positive soil N balance.

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Nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by genotypes of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] as affected by fertiliser nitrogen

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar00156 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 53 (4) ◽

pp. 453

Author(s):

B. Singh ◽

K. Usha

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Unit Area ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Vigna Mungo ◽

Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Treatments ◽

Nitrite Content ◽

Applied Nitrogen

Intercropping with legumes and non-legumes is commonly practised in many parts of the world to maximise productivity per unit area of land. In India, blackgram or urd [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a popular pulse legume component of intercropping farming systems. Often, however, potential production is compromised, particularly in high fertiliser input systems, because blackgram competes with the non-legume component of the system for nitrogen in the soil. In order to identify lines of blackgram that could obtain the majority of their nitrogen requirements from symbiotic fixation of atmospheric nitrogen rather than from uptake of soil nitrogen, 50 genotypes were screened for tolerance to (applied) nitrogen in soil. The parameters used to appraise tolerance were extent of root nodulation, the amount of nitrogen fixed, nitrate reductase activity in roots and nodules, and nitrite content of roots and nodules. There were 2 nitrogen treatments applied as urea, viz. 40 (N40) and 120 (N120) kg N per ha. There were 3 genotypes whose nitrogen-fixing effectiveness was apparently unimpaired by applications of nitrogen to the soil. Genotype NC-59308 nodulated and fixed atmospheric nitrogen satisfactorily at both the lower and higher levels of applied nitrogen. At N40, genotypes EC-48215 and PLU-726 formed a great abundance of large nodules effective in nitrogen fixation; even at N120, both lines had better symbioses than the majority of the 50 blackgram lines originally screened. These 3 genotypes are deemed worthy of further examination for their suitability for intercropping systems. How this might be done is discussed.

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The cobalt requirement of subterranean clover in the field

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9630039 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

PG Ozanne ◽

EAN Greenwood ◽

TC Shaw

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Applied Nitrogen

Yield increases of 30% were obtained on two subterranean clover pastures in response to dressings of 2 and 10 oz CoSO4.7H2O per acre. A dressing of salts containing chromium, nickel, vanadium, tungsten, aluminium, and iodine had no effect. Applications of cobalt increased the nitrogen content of the clover in all cases. No response to cobalt was obtained in the presence of adequate applied nitrogen. Clover growth was sharply reduced when cobalt contents fell below 0.04 p.p.m. The unfertilized soils on which the experiments were located contained only 0.022 and 0.019 p.p.m. cobalt in the 0–4 in. layer. Applied cobalt was not leached downward but remained in the surface 4 in. However, less than 0.5% of the applied cobalt was taken up by the pasture. To obtain a response to applied cobalt it appears necessary for legumes to be growing in soil containing Rhizobia capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation; but the soil must also be very low in available cobalt and nitrogen.

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