Why we should not identify sentence structure with propositional structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 612-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Common View ◽  
Interesting Connection ◽  
Propositional Structure ◽  
Structured Objects ◽  
Unarticulated Constituents

It is a common view among philosophers of language that both propositions and sentences are structured objects. One obvious question to ask about such a view is whether there is any interesting connection between these two sorts of structure. The author identifies two theses about this relationship. Identity (ID) – the structure of a sentence and the proposition it expresses are identical. Determinism (DET) – the structure of a sentence determines the structure of the proposition it expresses. After noting that ID entails DET, the author argues against DET (and therefore also against ID). This argument is based on considerations to do with unarticulated constituents, but it is not ultimately empirical. As well as answering a question suggested by contemporary theories of propositions, the conclusion is significant because some, but not all, of the theories of propositions currently popular entail ID and/or DET. Unless there is a response to the argument here, those theories are refuted.

scholarly journals Does Justification Aim at Truth?

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Common View ◽  
Interesting Part ◽  
Interesting Connection ◽  
Epistemic Externalism

Does epistemic justification aim at truth? The vast majority of epistemologists instinctively answer ‘Yes’; it's the textbook response. Joseph Cruz and John Pollock surprisingly say no. In ‘The Chimerical Appeal of Epistemic Externalism’ they argue that justification bears no interesting connection to truth; justification does not even aim at truth. ‘Truth is not a very interesting part of our best understanding’ of justification (C&P 2004, 137); it has no ‘connection to the truth.’ A ‘truth-aimed … epistemology is not entitled to carry the day’ (C&P 2004, 138, emphasis added).Pollock and Cruz's argument for this surprising conclusion is of general interest for it is ‘out of step with a very common view on the part of epistemologists, both internalist and externalist alike’ (C&P 2004, 136), as nearly all ‘epistemologists have claimed that truth and falsity play a crucial role in distinguishing between justified and unjustified beliefs [for] believing truths is the ultimate aim of human rational cognition’ (C&P 2004, 125; cf. Audi 1988).

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

Some Means of Achieving Creativity in the Language of the Qur'an

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-175
Author(s):  
Tammam Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Sentence Order

Meaning exists on various levels, among them what is based upon knowledge and bound by linguistic and social consensus. Creativity can be achieved by a departure from normal usage through one of the following means: transferring a word into a fresh context, e.g. metaphorical usage; transferring sentence structure into a fresh context, e.g. making an indicative sentence express an imperative; relaxing the rules of meaning – the rules of inflection, morphology, usage of particles, sentence order and structure. The article employs numerous verses of the Qur'an to explain how departure from normal usage achieves excellence in the language and style of the text of the Qur'an.

DARI PERSIA HINGGA CINA: Diskursus tentang Teori Kedatangan Islam di Melayu Nusantara

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lukmanul Hakim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Common View ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Malay Archipelago

The arrival of Islam in Malay Archipelago to this day is still a debate, because no data and facts have been found to be scientifically justified, but also because of the unilateral nature of the various theories. There is a strong tendency, certain theories emphasize only the specific aspects, while ignoring the other aspects. Therefore, most of the theories that exist in certain aspects fail to explain the coming of Islam, and the process of Islamization. This paper aims to analyze the theory of the arrival of Islam in the Malay Archipelago world. The method used is historical method. Until now there are at least four theories that discuss the theory of the arrival of Islam in the Malay Archipelago world. The four theories are Gujarat theory, Mecca theory, Persian theory and fourth theory (Chinese). Each of these theories has the strengths and weaknesses and certainly these four theories have a common view of Islam as a religion developed in the archipelago through a peaceful way and Islam does not recognize mission as practiced by Christians and Catholics.

Current issues in aesthetics and beyond: Revisiting lookism

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Peter Takáč
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Common View ◽  
Aesthetic Medicine ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Public Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

AbstractLookism is a term used to describe discrimination based on the physical appearance of a person. We suppose that the social impact of lookism is a philosophical issue, because, from this perspective, attractive people have an advantage over others. The first line of our argumentation involves the issue of lookism as a global ethical and aesthetical phenomenon. A person’s attractiveness has a significant impact on the social and public status of this individual. The common view in society is that it is good to be more attractive and healthier. This concept generates several ethical questions about human aesthetical identity, health, authenticity, and integrity in society. It seems that this unequal treatment causes discrimination, diminishes self-confidence, and lowers the chance of a job or social enforcement for many human beings. Currently, aesthetic improvements are being made through plastic surgery. There is no place on the human body that we cannot improve with plastic surgery or aesthetic medicine. We should not forget that it may result in the problem of elitism, in dividing people into primary and secondary categories. The second line of our argumentation involves a particular case of lookism: Melanie Gaydos. A woman that is considered to be a model with a unique look.

PERSOALAN KEHIDUPAN KONTEMPORER: MENGGAGAS KAJIAN SACHEDINA TENTANG THEOLOGI PLURALISME

EMPIRISMA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Limas Dodi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Common View ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Religious Differences

According to Abdulaziz Sachedina, the main argument of religious pluralism in the Qur’an based on the relationship between private belief (personal) and public projection of Islam in society. By regarding to private faith, the Qur’an being noninterventionist (for example, all forms of human authority should not be disturb the inner beliefs of individuals). While the public projection of faith, the Qur’an attitude based on the principle of coexistence. There is the willingness of the dominant race provide the freedom for people of other faiths with their own rules. Rules could shape how to run their affairs and to live side by side with the Muslims. Thus, based on the principle that the people of Indonesia are Muslim majority, it should be a mirror of a societie’s recognizion, respects and execution of religious pluralism. Abdul Aziz Sachedina called for Muslims to rediscover the moral concerns of public Islam in peace. The call for peace seemed to indicate that the existence of increasingly weakened in the religious sense of the Muslims and hence need to be reaffi rmed. Sachedina also like to emphasize that the position of peace in Islam is parallel with a variety of other doctrines, such as: prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and so on. Sachedina also tried to show the argument that the common view among religious groups is only one religion and traditions of other false and worthless. “Antipluralist” argument comes amid the reality of human religious differences. Keywords: Theology, Pluralism, Abdulaziz Sachedina

Gaya Bahasa dalam Pepatah Adat Masyarakat Petalangan Riau

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Yeni Maulina ◽  
Khairul Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Language Styles

Pengkalan Kuras, Langgam, Kuala Kampar, and Bunut Subdistrict, Pelalawan Regency. Petalangan tribe has various cultures in the traditions of life. A good introduction to cultural heritage by the next generation can strengthen the nation's tradition in responding to the increasingly severe challenges of the future in this era of globalization. Cultural heritage in the form of moral-spiritual inheritance, one of which is obtained and known through the tradition of belief in the traditional proverb that exists in the community. The traditional adage in the Petalangan community, among others, explains the perspective on community life. This study aims to describe the style of language in the customary proverb that is related to the perspective of life in society. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis method. The data source used was the book entitled Pepatah Adat, Istilah, dan Kosa kata Masyarakat Petalangan Kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau. There are 16 traditional proverbs used as data in this study, which then obtained 3 language styles based on sentence structure and 2 language styles based on meaning. By knowing and learning the style of language in this traditional proverb, the philosophy of life and aesthetic tastes of the people of Riau can be understood. Petalangan merupakan salah satu puak asli di Provinsi Riau yang bermukim di Kecamatan Pengkalan Kuras, Langgam, Kuala Kampar, dan Bunut, Kabupaten Pelalawan. Suku Petalangan ini memiliki beraneka kebudayaan dalam kehidupan. Pengenalan yang baik terhadap warisan kebudayaan oleh generasi penerus dapat memperteguh tradisi bangsa dalam menjawab tantangan masa depan yang semakin berat dalam era globalisasi ini. Warisan kebudayaan yang berupa warisan moral-spiritual, satu di antaranya didapatkan dan diketahui keyakinan terhadap pepatah adat yang ada pada masyarakat. Pepatah adat dalam masyarakat Petalangan antara lain menjelaskan cara pandang mengenai hidup bermasyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan gaya bahasa di dalam pepatah adat yang berhubungan dengan cara pandang dalam hidup bermasyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakanpendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis deskriptif. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah buku Pepatah Adat, Istilah, dan Kosa kata Masyarakat Petalangan Kabupaten Pelalawan, Riau. Terdapat 16 pepatah adat yang dijadikan data dalam penelitian ini, yang kemudian diperoleh 3 gaya bahasa berdasarkan struktur kalimat dan 2 gaya bahasa berdasarkan makna. Dengan mengetahui dan mempelajari gaya bahasa dalam pepatah adat ini dapat dipahami filsafat hidup dan cita rasa estetika masyarakat Riau.

Makna Ragi Dalam Ajaran Tuhan Yesus tentang Kewaspadaan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-91
Author(s):  
Joseph Christ Santo
Keyword(s):  
Word Meaning ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Change

Some of the teachings of the Lord Jesus are in the form of a straightforward sentence and some are figurative. The use of the word "leaven" in the few sentences that the Lord Jesus says about vigilance is in the figurative sense. That is why it is necessary to find the word meaning according to the principles of exegesis.The exegetical method used involves establishing the text of the text to be extrapolated, ie Matthew 16: 6, analysis of sentence structure and composing of translations, analysis of the context of the use of yeast at the time, excavation of theological points based on the meaning of words and wording in sentences, and the application of exegesis to the contemporary context.The conclusion of this study is, Jesus uses the term yeast because yeast is something commonly used in society, so its symbolic meaning is easily drawn according to what is understood by society. Yeast depicts the doctrine, and there is a common characteristic of yeast and the characteristics of doctrine; the decay caused by a small amount of yeast does not appear to be the process but the real change, as well as quite a bit of unhealthy teaching that is allowed to contaminate, has the potential to ruin the entire character of a person. The doctrine to watch out for is the preoccupation with the more outward than the spiritual, including arrogance, hypocrisy, and worldly worldview.Keywords : leaven, yeast, doctrine, alert, Farisi, Saduki AbstrakAjaran Tuhan Yesus ada yang berbentuk kalimat lugas dan ada yang kiasan. Penggunaan kata “ragi” dalam beberapa kalimat yang disampaikan Tuhan Yesus tentang kewaspadaan adalah dalam makna kiasan. Itu sebabnya perlu dicari makna kata tersebut sesuai prinsip-prinsip eksegesis.Metode eksegesis yang digunakan meliputi penetapan teks Alkitab yang akan dieksegesis, yaitu Matius 16:6, analisis struktur kalimat dan menyusun terjemahan, analisis konteks penggunaan ragi pada masa itu, penggalian pokok-pokok teologis berdasarkan arti kata dan susunan kata dalam kalimat, dan penerapan eksegesis kepada konteks masa kini.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah, Yesus menggunakan istilah ragi karena ragi adalah sesuatu yang umum digunakan dalam masyarakat, sehingga arti simboliknya dengan mudah ditarik berdasarkan apa yang dipahami oleh masyarakat. Ragi menggambarkan ajaran, dan ada kesamaan karakteristik ragi dan karakteristik ajaran; pembusukan yang disebabkan oleh sejumlah kecil ragi tidak nampak prosesnya namun nyata perubahannya, demikian pula cukup sedikit ajaran yang tidak sehat yang dibiarkan mengkontaminasi memiliki potensi untuk merusak seluruh karakter seseorang. Ajaran yang harus diwaspadai adalah pengutamaan terhadap hal-hal yang lahiriah lebih daripada yang rohani, termasuk di dalamnya keangkuhan, kemunafikan, dan pandangan duniawi.Kata kunci: ragi, khamir, ajaran, waspada, Farisi, Saduki.

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