DARI PERSIA HINGGA CINA: Diskursus tentang Teori Kedatangan Islam di Melayu Nusantara

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lukmanul Hakim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Common View ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Malay Archipelago

The arrival of Islam in Malay Archipelago to this day is still a debate, because no data and facts have been found to be scientifically justified, but also because of the unilateral nature of the various theories. There is a strong tendency, certain theories emphasize only the specific aspects, while ignoring the other aspects. Therefore, most of the theories that exist in certain aspects fail to explain the coming of Islam, and the process of Islamization. This paper aims to analyze the theory of the arrival of Islam in the Malay Archipelago world. The method used is historical method. Until now there are at least four theories that discuss the theory of the arrival of Islam in the Malay Archipelago world. The four theories are Gujarat theory, Mecca theory, Persian theory and fourth theory (Chinese). Each of these theories has the strengths and weaknesses and certainly these four theories have a common view of Islam as a religion developed in the archipelago through a peaceful way and Islam does not recognize mission as practiced by Christians and Catholics.

Relationship Between Level of Income and Method of Contribution and Appointment of Islamic Waqf Bank as an Agent in Collecting Waqf Fund

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ridhwan Ab. Aziz ◽  
Mohd Asyraf Yusof ◽  
Fuadah Johari ◽  
Hisham Sabri
Keyword(s):  
Support Services ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Trust Fund ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Good Education ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
The Relationship

Receiving a good education helps empower people knowledge, thus making them strong enough to look after themselves in any given situation. It keeps oneself aware of given surrounding as well as the rules and regulations of the society they living in. Moreover, the technology that we use today is a result from the advancement and improvement of education. On the other hand Islamic waqf bank is a special designed financial institution in Islam. This bank will benefit the student and also their parents, due to its unique structure that could finance students‟ education in term of fees and cost of living. Islamic waqf bank uses the concept of cash waqf in terms of funding the education. While cash waqf is a trust fund established with money to support services for mankind‟s benefits in the name of Allah. The objective of this article is to examine the relationship between level of income and contribution method of cash waqf fund in Islamic waqf bank as well as the appointment of an agent in collecting waqf fund in Islamic waqf bank. The methodology of this research is a quantitative research towards 287 respondents among Muslim public in this country. The general finding of this article shows that, with proper contribution method and the appointment of Islamic waqf bank as an agent in collecting the cash waqf fund, there is a strong tendency that the Islamic waqf bank‟s operation will be run effectively.

BKR (BADAN KEAMANAN RAKYAT): Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Widyo Nugrahanto
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
New Interpretation

AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul BKR (Badan Kemanan Rakyat):Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?!. Penelitian ini merupakan interpretasi baru tentang cikal bakal TNI, yang umumnya banyak merujuk pada PETA (Pembela Tanah Air). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Sejarah.Metode Sejarah memiliki empat tahapan yaitu Heuristik, Kritik, Interpretasi dan Historiografi.Sumber-sumber penelitian ini menggunakan koran-koran sezaman, majalah sezaman, dan buku. BKR dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI didasarkan beberapa sebab. Pertama, atas dasar legalitas formal, PETA telah dibubarkan sehingga BKR adalah satuan militer yang pertama kali dibentuk setelah Indonesia merdeka. BKR selanjutnya melahirkan pembentukan TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) dan TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). Kedua, jika PETA dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI, maka KNIL dan beberapa satuan keprajuritan diabaikan. Padahal, beberapa bekas perwira KNIL memiliki peran penting di tubuh BKR hingga TNI.Kata kunci: BKR, Tentara, TNIAbstractThe main subject this study is BKR – Indonesian civil defense corps – as origin of Indonesian Military. This study is new interpretation about the origin of TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) now. Many opinion refer to PETA as civil defense corps in Japanese occupation era. Study emlpoys a Historical Method, which consists of four stage: Heuristic, Critic, Interpretation, Historiography. The study utilize some sources such as newspaper, magazine, and book. Main finding of this study is PETA had dispersed as legality and formally and BKR was formed as the firts corps after Independence of Indonesia. Futhermore, BKR changed to TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) until TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). If PETA is considered as origins of Indonesian Military, then it ignore KNIL – a colonial armed forces – and the other defence corps. Even though the eks KNIL’s officer have important role in military managenment of BKR until TNI.Keywords: BKR, Military, TNI

BKR (BADAN KEAMANAN RAKYAT): Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Widyo Nugrahanto
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
New Interpretation

AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul BKR (Badan Kemanan Rakyat):Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?!. Penelitian ini merupakan interpretasi baru tentang cikal bakal TNI, yang umumnya banyak merujuk pada PETA (Pembela Tanah Air). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Sejarah.Metode Sejarah memiliki empat tahapan yaitu Heuristik, Kritik, Interpretasi dan Historiografi.Sumber-sumber penelitian ini menggunakan koran-koran sezaman, majalah sezaman, dan buku. BKR dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI didasarkan beberapa sebab. Pertama, atas dasar legalitas formal, PETA telah dibubarkan sehingga BKR adalah satuan militer yang pertama kali dibentuk setelah Indonesia merdeka. BKR selanjutnya melahirkan pembentukan TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) dan TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). Kedua, jika PETA dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI, maka KNIL dan beberapa satuan keprajuritan diabaikan. Padahal, beberapa bekas perwira KNIL memiliki peran penting di tubuh BKR hingga TNI.Kata kunci: BKR, Tentara, TNIAbstractThe main subject this study is BKR – Indonesian civil defense corps – as origin of Indonesian Military. This study is new interpretation about the origin of TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) now. Many opinion refer to PETA as civil defense corps in Japanese occupation era. Study emlpoys a Historical Method, which consists of four stage: Heuristic, Critic, Interpretation, Historiography. The study utilize some sources such as newspaper, magazine, and book. Main finding of this study is PETA had dispersed as legality and formally and BKR was formed as the firts corps after Independence of Indonesia. Futhermore, BKR changed to TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) until TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). If PETA is considered as origins of Indonesian Military, then it ignore KNIL – a colonial armed forces – and the other defence corps. Even though the eks KNIL’s officer have important role in military managenment of BKR until TNI.Keywords: BKR, Military, TNI

scholarly journals Military Operations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Harald Høiback
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Operational Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
Systematic Thinking

AbstractMilitary operations can be a complex and cumbersome undertaking, involving millions of soldiers and tonnes of equipment. Even though war has been part of human experience for time immemorial, systematic thinking about how to prepare, conduct, and use military operations is nonetheless a rather new undertaking. This chapter explores the history of thinking about military operations, broadly defined, and narrows down on operations as the concept is used today.After the historical exploration, the chapter investigates how military operations can be studied. In principle, there are four different ways to approach operations as a field of study. The most common methods are the historical method and operations research, i.e., making heuristic models of reality. Game theory and axiomatic foundationalism are the other two but are far less used than the former two.The development of modern military thinking notwithstanding, it is still difficult to convert military power to strategic gains, and the latter part of the chapter explains why. Military commanders and planning groups do not always get the what and why from the political level, making it difficult to find the how. Military operations are also intrinsically difficult because your opponent will try to make it difficult for you. The concept of an operational level of command is also problematic, since it tends to do the opposite of what is intended. Instead of pulling tactics and strategy closer together, it tends to push them apart. And finally, the word “art” in “operational art” is perhaps also an unfortunate misnomer?

scholarly journals MENILIK PERTUNJUKAN ADU DOMBA DI PRIANGAN PADA MASA KOLONIAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Budi Gustaman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sheep Breed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Event ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Other Hand

Adu domba sangat populer di Priangan, khususnya di wilayah Garut. Popularitas adu domba (Garut) tidak bisa dilepaskan dari historisitasnya. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mempertanyakan kemunculan domba Garut serta pertunjukan adu domba pada awal perkembangannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah, dengan memanfaatkan sumber berupa buku dan koran yang diproduksi pada masa kolonial. Temuan utama penelitian ini ialah kemunculan jenis domba Garut dilatarbelakangi impor domba yang diinisiasi oleh K.F. Holle untuk tujuan budidaya wol. Kawin silang domba impor dan domba lokal menghasilkan jenis domba petarung yang lazim disebut domba Garut. Pertunjukan adu domba muncul dari kebiasaan masyarakat pribumi dalam mengadu binatang, hingga berkembang menjadi hiburan yang sering diselenggarakan pada setiap event besar. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah sebagai domba petarung, domba Garut muncul dari ‘ketidaksengajaan’ hingga menjadi populer sejak akhir abad ke-19, dengan diiringi berbagai kecaman dari perspektif orang Eropa perihal esensi permainannya.      Fighting sheep is very popular in Priangan, especially in the Garut region. The popularity of fighting sheep can't be separated from the history that lies behind it. This research is intended to answer the questions about the emergence of Garut sheep and sheep fighting show at the beginning of its development. The method used in this research is the historical method by utilizing sources of books and newspapers produced during the colonial period. The main finding of this study is that the emergence of the Garut sheep breed was motivated by the import of sheep initiated by K.F. Holle for wool cultivation purposes. The crossbreeding of imported sheep and local sheep has resulted in the type of fighting sheep which is now commonly referred to as Garut sheep. The fighting sheep show itself emerged from the indigenous people's habit of fighting animals which later developed into an entertainment that was often held at every major event. The conclusion of this study is that Garut sheep as fighting sheep emerged from an 'accidental habits' and then became popular since the late 19th century. On the other hand, it has also drawn criticism from the perspective of Europeans who are concerned about the essence of the fighting sheep.

scholarly journals Translation Shifts in Spatial and Temporal Deixis: A Trend Towards a More Subjective Narrative Mood in Fiction Translation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWEJ for Translation & Literary Studies ◽  
Othman Ahmad Ali Abualadas
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Wuthering Heights ◽  
English Novel ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Mental Space ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Arabic Fiction

This study examines the translational deictic shifts in three Arabic translations of the English novel Wuthering Heights and the effect of this shift in the spatio-temporal point of view and stylistic features of the original. The study finds shift in spatial and temporal deixis that manifests a strong tendency towards increasing the ‘level of enunciation’ of narrators’ spatial and temporal location within the narrative. This shift brings the main narrator closer to the other characters in temporal, spatial, and mental space, hence increasing her involvement in events and empathy towards characters. At the same time, it distances the outside frame narrator, who has limited contact with characters, and increases his detachment and antipathy. In both cases more is revealed of narrator-character relationships and the narrator’s evaluations, leading to a more subjective narrative mood. It is hoped that the study will be applicable to different translated literary works to compare the findings and gain more understanding on the norms of English-Arabic fiction translation.

scholarly journals This Is My World: A Submariner’s Battlefield Diary

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yekaterina Postnikova ◽  
Viktoriya Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Personal History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army

Battlefield diaries written by simple soldiers and seamen are unique, rare, and practically uncensored sources of war anthropology. The authors combine the comparative historical method of literary criticism with source analysis, which enables them to consider the Great Patriotic War from the point of view of personal history and reveal the peculiarities of wartime ego-documents. The authors refer to the battlefield diary of G. I. Sennikov, a submariner of the Northern Fleet, written between 1943 and 1946. The diary combines the genres of a diary and an ego-document. The peculiarity of the text is the fact that it combines the functions of a battlefield diary (keeping the author’s memories, having a therapeutic effect, etc.) and those of the individualisation process which helps the author to construct and preserve their own personality (self-identification, self-expression, philosophical, analytical, and vicarious functions, etc.) in the extreme conditions of war (from Murmansk between 1943 and 1944 to Crimea between 1944 and 1946). The autobiographic narrative bears the typical features of a diary, reflecting the development of a young Red Army sailor, i. e. severe selfcriticism, the “other” individuality which the author painfully becomes aware of, a frank and quite often uncomplimentary analysis of situations related to sexual relations. Additionally, the diary reflects the crucial stages in the sailor’s personal growth. The author of the diary builds a world of his own and works out his own ethical code; also, he creates a life plan and sets goals for himself.

scholarly journals Arsip dan Jaringan Intelektual: Studi tentang Koleksi Nishijima di Universitas Waseda Jepang

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-30
Author(s):  
Arif Rahman Bramantya
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
View Point ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Sources Of Knowledge ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Informational Value

Archives can be said to be "inanimate" if we look it from the physical side. On the other hand, archives can be said to be "a living thing" if we look it in terms of the information that is contained in. Archives can explain anywhere, anytime and any purpose, because archives have evidential value, informational value and intrinsic value. In short, archives is a source of knowledge if we look it through academic view point. Archives in relation to the Japanese occupation in Indonesia is very limited.Nowadays, the study related to the Japanese occupation in Indonesia is also decrease. However, the study about the Japanese occupation in Indonesia in the 80s was massive and varied. Nishijima Collection is one of the valuable sources of knowledge related to the Japanese occupation in Indonesia. Unfortunately, many people do not use the collection as source for their Indonesian study. The result of this study provides a new perspective on the materials related with the Japanese occupation in Indonesia contained in Nishijima Collection. Intellectual network was formed through Nishijima Collection. Eventually, the study about Nishijima Collection through the historical method can be an initial foundation to raise the historical awareness that will be able to affect the civilization (of Indonesia).

scholarly journals Experience and Mathematical Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Gaeta
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Common View ◽  
Abstract Entities ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Main Tenet ◽  
Previous Learning

According to a very common view, the main tenet of empiricism is the conviction that all human knowledge derives from sensory experience. But classic philosophers representing empiricism hold that mathematical knowledge is a priori. Mill intended to demonstrate that the laws of arithmetic and geometry have inductive origins. But Frege and others authors showed that Mill’s arguments were wrong. Benacerraf held that, since mathematical objects are abstract entities, they could not have any causal relationship with human beings, so they cannot be known by us. On the other hand, biology and psychology show that in animals and human creatures we can find innate behaviours, in accordance with the theory on natural selection. Experiments performed by Wynn and by other psychologists strongly support that very young babies can determine the results of simple arithmetical operations without any previous learning. We conclude that there are convincing reasons to accept the rationalist thesis about the a priori character of mathematical knowledge.

scholarly journals Ending the life of the act/omission dispute: causation in withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining measures

Legal Studies ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McGee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common View ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
End Of Life Decision ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Life Decision

The aim in this paper is to challenge the increasingly common view in the literature that the law on end-of-life decision making is in disarray and is in need of urgent reform. The argument is that this assessment of the law is based on assumptions about the relationship between the identity of the defendant and their conduct, and about the nature of causation, which, on examination, prove to be indefensible. A clarification of the relationship between causation and omissions is provided which proves that the current legal position does not need modification, at least on the grounds that are commonly advanced for the converse view. This paves the way for a clarification, in conclusion, of important conceptual and moral differences between withholding, refusing and withdrawing life-sustaining measures, on the one hand, and assisted suicide and euthanasia, on the other.

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