The Politics of Identity in Post-Soviet Abkhazia: Managing Diversity and Unresolved Conflict1

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Clogg
Keyword(s):  
The Black Sea ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Politics Of Identity ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
North West ◽  
Managing Diversity ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Republic

The question of ethnic and national identity has dominated post-Soviet life in Abkhazia, which is situated on the Black Sea coast, in the north-west corner of the South Caucasus. Formerly an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, its status is now contested. Following violent armed conflict with Georgia over a period of 13 months in 1992/1993, Abkhazia became de facto independent. However, while not now under Georgian control, Abkhazia remains de jure part of the Republic of Georgia, which considers Abkhazia an integral component of its state. Abkhazia declared independence in 1999, a status that remains unrecognized by the international community.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF THE SUPPLY OF PARTISANS AND UNDERGROUNDERS OF THE CRIMEA WITH THE HELP OF AVIATION IN 1941-1944

2022 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Вячеслав Александрович Иванов
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Military Command ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Military

Статья посвящена проблеме анализа материально-технического обеспечения в годы Великой Отечественной войны партизан и подпольщиков Крыма, которая недостаточно изучена в отечественной историографии. На основе вводимых в научный оборот неопубликованных материалов из фондов Государственного архива Республики Крым автор исследует причины, побудившие Совет Народных Комиссаров Крымской АССР и военное командование Северо-Кавказского фронта организовать помощь «народным мстителям». В статье рассмотрены основные мероприятия Крымского обкома ВКП(б) по оказанию помощи антифашистскому сопротивлению: подготовка баз снабжения, авиационной техники, летного состава, подвоз продовольствия, организация аэродромов. Акцентируется внимание на факторе содействия советских ВВС в перевозке участников разведывательно-диверсионных и подпольных организаций с баз Северного Кавказа на территорию оккупированного Крыма и в передаче секретной информации в расположение советского командования. Автор приходит к выводу, что благодаря проводимым советским руководством мероприятиям был организован мощный воздушный мост между Северным Кавказом и партизанскими базами Крыма. Это позволило обеспечить партизан и подпольщиков Крыма необходимыми запасами продовольствия, медикаментов, оружия, боеприпасов в переломный момент Великой Отечественной войны. The paper is devoted to the problem of analyzing the material support during the Great Patriotic War of the partisans and underground fighters of the Crimea, which has not been sufficiently studied in Russian historiography. On the basis of unpublished materials from the funds of the State Archives of the Republic of Crimea introduced into scientific circulation, the author examines the reasons that prompted the Council of People’s Commissars of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the military command of the North Caucasian Front to organize the help for the “people’s avengers”. The publication discusses the main activities of the Crimean Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to provide assistance to the anti-fascist Resistance: the preparation of supply bases, aircraft, flight personnel, the supply of food, the organization of airfields. Attention is focused on the factor of assistance of the Soviet Air Force in the transportation of members of reconnaissance, sabotage and underground organizations from the bases of the North Caucasus to the territory of the occupied Crimea, and in the transfer of classified information to the location of the Soviet command. The author arrives at the conclusion that thanks to the measures carried out by the Soviet leadership, a powerful air bridge was organized between the North Caucasus and the partisan airfields of the Crimea. This made it possible to provide the partisans and underground fighters of the Crimea with the necessary supplies of food, medicines, weapons, ammunition at the turning point of the Great Patriotic War.

scholarly journals Geomorphology of outflow part Batova river valley

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Ivalena Vulcheva-Georgieva ◽  
Svetla Stankova
Keyword(s):  
Contact Zone ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
River Valley ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Holocene Sediments ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract Firths are geomoiphological and hydrological sites typical for flat, neutral coast of no tidal sea basins. There in the greatest extend is preserved the geological column of the correlative Pleistocene- Holocene sediments. They make possible to reveal the Quaternary evolution of the contact zone „land-sea“. Firths are one of the most reliable indicators for the Quaternary Earth crust movements. Along the Black Sea coast most widely are developed the firths in the north - west and the west periphery, where they form a classic firth type coast. This report examines the results of complex studies of Batova river firth, located (developed) on the North Bulgarian Black Sea coast.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution of land molluscs fauna of the steppe zone of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
N. V. Gural-Sverlova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Land Molluscs

At the end of the XX - beginning of the XXI century 85 species of the land molluscs of 49 genera and 25 families were reliably registered in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The highest species richness was recorded in the northern steppe subzone (79 species). The main centers of the species diversity are the Donetsk Upland (65% of the total number of species) and the western part of the Black Sea Lowland with the southern spurs of the Podolian Upland adjoining it (55%). The modern composition of the land molluscs fauna of the steppe zone is influenced by the proximity of the Caucasus (for the south-east of Ukraine), the Podolian Upland (for the north-west Black Sea coast) and the Crimea (for the entire investigated territory). Anthropochory plays an important role in the formation of the land molluscs complexes in the steppe zone of Ukraine.

scholarly journals SEPARATED DAGHESTAN NATIONALITIES (THE LEZGINS, THE TSAKHURS, THE AVARS): POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN THE END OF THE XIX CENTURY THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/2) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
D. Sh. RAMAZANOVA
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Xix Century

Being the part of Russia throughout different periods Daghestan had  various administrative and political status (as an oblast being the  part of the empire) an autonomous Republic of the RSFSR (USSR),  as a Republic of the Russian Federation. Upon that, the borders of  Russia as a state were set without regard for the interests of the  nationalities, populating it, but taking into account the interests of  the state exclusively. In the XIX century this policy gave birth to the problem of separation among daghestani nationalities (the  Lezgins, the Tsakhurs, the Avars, the Kumyks) and the Nogais as  well as in 1922-1923 their territory was included on the list of  nationalities – the members of the Daghestan Autonomous Soviet  Socialist Republic, but later it was the issue of exchanges between  the RSFSR subjects. If the problem under discussion was topical  within administrative and territorial borders of the Russian State,  then, by the end of the 20th century it had the status of interstate  problem – the first 3 of the enumerated nationalities were separated  by state borders with the neighboring states of Azerbaijan and the  Republic of Georgia. With the reference to the literary sources and  the results of the demographic census, the author of the article  shows the population changes and the settlement of the Lezgins, the Tsakhurs and the Avars in the Caucasian region in the end of the  20th the beginning of the 21st centuries, continuing the article  serves on the problem of separation among Daghestan nationalities.  In 2011 the problems of the Avars from the Kvarelski region in  Georgia were discussed in the article published in “Izvestya Daghestanskogo Pedagogicheskogo universiteta”, where as  in 2018 the problems of the Nogais, separated by administrative  borders of the Russian Federation subjects on the North Caucasus  were discussed on the pages of the magazine “Society: philosophy,  history, culture”. All the above mentioned ethnic communities are  officially labeled as “title (subject-forming) nationalities” in the  contemporary Republic of Daghestan.

THE PROBLEM OF THE OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION OF THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE WESTERN CAUCASUS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE ACTIVITIES OF CAUCASIAN PIRACY (ABKHAZ, CIRCASSIAN)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6/1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Anri R. CHEDIYA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Western Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Western Caucasus ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sea Coast

The Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus is the coastline from the border of the Republic of Abkhazia with Georgia along the Ingur river in the south, to the Taman Peninsula in the north. The territory of the region covers the Black Sea coast of the Republic of Abkhazia and the Russian Federation (Krasnodar Territory). The Western Caucasus entered the sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire during the period when the Ottomans conquered the main Black Sea fortresses by the 15th century. However, it is difficult to say that the Ottomans achieved full control over the region in the period from the second half of the 15th century until the first quarter of the 19th century. One of the main factors preventing the Ottoman control over the region was the activity of Abkhaz and Circassian piracy. The subject of research of this article is the problem of piracy as a factor of instability of the Ottoman presence on the Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus. The article was written on the traditional, specifically historical research methods: historical-genetic (the study of historical phenomena in the process of their development, from birth to death), historicalcomparative, and historical-typological. Translating a document of the Ottoman archives of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey, base the main theoretical and practical methods of historical research are used.

Modeling of ecological conditions in the Euxine Basin in the Sarmatian and Maeotian by methods of diatom analysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
Eleonora P. Radionova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Subtidal Zone ◽  
Diatom Analysis ◽  
Diatom Flora ◽  
North West ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
The North

The associations and ecological conditions of the existence of modern diatoms of the North-West (Pridneprovsky), Prikerchensky and Eastern regions of the subtidal zone of the Black Sea are considered. Based on the unity of the composition of the Present and Sarmatian-Meotian diatom flora, an attempt has been made to model some of the ecological c situation of the Late Miocene Euxinian basin.

Resettlement Processes in the Ukrainian SSR during the Holodomor (1932–34)

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-99
Author(s):  
Olesia Rozovyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Power ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Federative Socialist Republic

This article, based on archival documents, reveals resettlement processes in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1932–34, which were conditioned by the repressive policy of the Soviet power. The process of resettlement into those regions of the Soviet Ukraine where the population died from hunger most, and which was approved by the authorities, is described in detail. It is noted that about 90,000 people moved from the northern oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR to the southern part of the republic. About 127,000 people arrived in Soviet Ukraine from the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) and the western oblasts of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). The material conditions of their residence and the reasons for the return of settlers to their previous places of inhabitance are described. I conclude that the resettlement policy of the authorities during 1932–34 changed the social and national composition of the eastern and southern oblasts of Ukraine.

Influence of Currents and Atmospheric Circulation on the Efficiency of European Anchovy Fishing during its Wintering off the Black Sea Coast of the Krasnodar Territory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Panov ◽  
E. O. Spiridonova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Mesoscale Eddy ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
European Anchovy ◽  
The North ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Russian fishermen harvest European anchovy primarily off the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory during its wintering and wintering migrations. At wintering grounds, temperature conditions become a secondary factor in determining the behaviour of commercial concentration of European anchovy, with wind and currents being the primary factors. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the potential use of daily data on water circulation and local atmospheric transport in short-term (1–7 days) forecasting of European anchovy fishing in the Black Sea. The research used the European anchovy fishery monitoring materials for January – March 2019, as well as daily maps of the Black and Azov Seas level anomalies (from satellite altimetry data) and surface atmospheric pressure and temperature in Europe (analysis) for the mentioned period. The dynamics of the catch rate and its relation to altimetry and atmospheric transport indicators in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea were investigated using graphical and correlation methods. This analysis showed that the main factor contributing to increased catches is intensification of northwest currents in the coastal 60-km zone. The effect of atmospheric transport on fishing efficiency depends on the mesoscale eddy structure of the nearshore current field. In the presence of an intense northwest current in the fishing area, southwest atmospheric transports have a positive effect on fishing, while in the presence of an anticyclonic meander of currents, northeast atmospheric transports become effective. The presence of maximum significant relationships when the determinants of fishing performance are shifted by 1–7 days allows making short-term predictions of fishing efficiency.

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