LGBT Studies Without LGBT Studies: Mapping Alternative Pathways in Perú and Colombia

With respect to language, it has long been observed that children who experience early unilateral brain injury do not show the same irreparable damage as do adults with homologous late-onset strokes. Neural plasticity has been proposed as the explanation for such differential linguistic profiles; that is, the plasticity of the young, developing brain allows the possibility for extensive adaptation and organization following a neural insult. Recent research, however, suggests that there are limits to this ability to adapt and organize. Results from a another communicative system, affect, suggest that children with unilateral pre- or perinatal stroke show similar (albeit subtler) effects to adults with homologous late-onset injuries. This chapter presents findings on language development in children who sustained a pre- or perinatal unilateral stroke, and complements these studies with a discussion of affective expression in these same children. These prospective studies of children with perinatal stroke provide a unique window into the development of the neural substrates for language and affect. Specifically, they afford a context to investigate the degree to which particular brain regions may be privileged for specific behavioral functions, as well as how the developing brain adapts to organize alternative pathways in the wake of an early insult.

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In vitro phosphorylation of human complement factor C3 by protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Effects on the classical and alternative pathways.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39892-8 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 265 (5) ◽

pp. 2941-2946

Author(s):

P O Forsberg ◽

S C Martin ◽

B Nilsson ◽

P Ekman ◽

U R Nilsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase C ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Protein Kinase A ◽

Complement Factor ◽

Human Complement ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Kinase C ◽

Complement Factor C3 ◽

Kinase A

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Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm?

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13112506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2506

Author(s):

Mark van Barele ◽

Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen ◽

Yvonne V. Louwers ◽

Mijntje B. Vastbinder ◽

John W. M. Martens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Triple Negative ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Breast Cancers ◽

Younger Women ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of ◽

Hormone Sensitive

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.

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Preparing African students with refugee backgrounds for transition: School practices

Australian Journal of Education ◽

10.1177/0004944121997468 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 000494412199746

Author(s):

Tebeje Molla

Keyword(s):

Career Planning ◽

Life Course Perspective ◽

Student Agency ◽

Government Schools ◽

Institutional Practices ◽

African Students ◽

Career Support ◽

School Practices ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Career Trajectories

For young people, the end of secondary school represents a critical transition point. This article aims at understanding how schools support a particular group of disadvantaged students to transition into education, training, or employment. Drawing on a life-course perspective and with refugee-background African students as an empirical focus, this qualitative case study documents career support practices in nine government schools in the State of Victoria. The findings show that schools provide transition opportunities that support African students to envision their post-school educational and career trajectories. The arrangements include career planning, alternative pathways, and employment of community engagement officers. However, there are persisting challenges that impede this group of students from fully benefiting from these arrangements. The main barriers identified here are academic disengagement, doxic aspirations, misconceptions about qualifications, and low self-efficacy. The article also argues that the persistence of these challenges is attributable at least in part to such overlooked factors of engagement as institutional practices, student agency, and home environment.

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Cytochrome c Deficiency Differentially Affects the In Vivo Mitochondrial Electron Partitioning and Primary Metabolism Depending on the Photoperiod

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Igor Florez-Sarasa ◽

Elina Welchen ◽

Sofia Racca ◽

Daniel H. Gonzalez ◽

José G. Vallarino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome C ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Day Length ◽

Primary Metabolism ◽

Stress Signaling ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Tca Cycle Intermediates ◽

Growth Adaptation ◽

Plant Respiration

Plant respiration provides metabolic flexibility under changing environmental conditions by modulating the activity of the nonphosphorylating alternative pathways from the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which bypass the main energy-producing components of the cytochrome oxidase pathway (COP). While adjustments in leaf primary metabolism induced by changes in day length are well studied, possible differences in the in vivo contribution of the COP and the alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) between different photoperiods remain unknown. In our study, in vivo electron partitioning between AOP and COP and expression analysis of respiratory components, photosynthesis, and the levels of primary metabolites were studied in leaves of wild-type (WT) plants and cytochrome c (CYTc) mutants, with reduced levels of COP components, under short- and long-day photoperiods. Our results clearly show that differences in AOP and COP in vivo activities between WT and cytc mutants depend on the photoperiod likely due to energy and stress signaling constraints. Parallel responses observed between in vivo respiratory activities, TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and stress signaling metabolites indicate the coordination of different pathways of primary metabolism to support growth adaptation under different photoperiods.

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Potential of Small Culverts as Wildlife Passages on Forest Roads

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13137224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 7224

Author(s):

Hsiang-Ling Chen ◽

Erin E. Posthumus ◽

John L. Koprowski

Keyword(s):

Animal Movement ◽

Small Dimension ◽

Lynx Rufus ◽

Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽

Red Squirrels ◽

Forest Roads ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Slow Moving ◽

Trail Cameras ◽

Spermophilus Variegatus

Roads and traffic can cause animal mortality. Specifically, roads serve as barriers by impeding animal movement, resulting in demographic and genetic consequences. Drainage structures, such as culverts, can provide linkages between habitat patches. However, the potential of small culverts with diameters of <60 cm (e.g., wildlife passages that facilitate movement on forest roads) are relatively unknown. In this study, we used trail cameras to monitor the use of 14 small culverts, by mammals, along forest roads on Mt. Graham, home of the critically endangered Mt. Graham red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis), in southeastern Arizona, USA. From 2011 to 2013, we only recorded 20 completed road crossings through culverts. More than half of culvert uses were by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), followed by the rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) and the bobcat (Lynx rufus). The Mt. Graham red squirrel was the only species that was common along the roads, but never crossed the roads. Culverts with higher usages were characterized by shorter culvert lengths and absence of accumulated soil inside the culverts. Our study shows that small-dimension drainage systems may provide alternative pathways for wildlife crossing roads, especially for slow moving and ground dwelling species. However, the potential of small culverts assisting wildlife crossings can only be maximized when culverts are accessible year-round.

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Initiation, Development and Anatomy of Lignotubers in Some Species of Eucalyptus

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9840415 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 415 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

DJ Carr ◽

R Jahnke ◽

SGM Carr

Keyword(s):

Analytical Study ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Stem Growth ◽

Morphological Development ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Initial Survey ◽

And Performance ◽

Lateral Fusion ◽

Taxonomic Groups

An initial survey of the diversity of early lignotuber development in Eucalyptus and an analytical study of the anatomy of young lignotubers and the seedling stem are presented. Studies of the early stages of the morphological development of the lignotuber in 13 species, representative of five taxonomic groups, resulted in the recognition of four modes of lignotuber initiation. The importance to lignotuber formation of the presence of a suite of accessory buds, adaxial to the axillary bud, is emphasized but lignotuber initiation is not in all cases associated with these buds. Lignotuber buds are derived by branching from existing buds, ultimately from the accessory buds of the node. Following its initiation, the possibilities of later morphological development of the lignotuber are discussed. Lignotuber growth may dominate over stem growth and the lignotubers at a node may then fuse laterally to encircle the stem. Stem growth, on the other hand, may dominate over lignotuber growth and the lignotuber then appears to regress. The consequences for the growth habit of the plant of these alternative pathways of development are outlined. The wood of young lignotubers (and that of the swollen hypocotyl) is shown to be different in composition and in the sizes of its elements from that of seedling stem wood; these differences owe their origin to differences in the nature and performance of the cambia of the lignotuber and stem. In lateral fusion of the lignotubers at a node, and their upward and downwards extension over the stem, e.g. over the hypocotyl, stem cambial initials are either progressively lost or, more likely, converted to lignotuber-type initials. The possibility of the reverse process occumng in stem dominance is discussed.

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How volatile components catalyze vapor nucleation

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.abd9954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. eabd9954 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chenxi Li ◽

Jan Krohn ◽

Martina Lippe ◽

Ruth Signorell

Keyword(s):

Gas Phase ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Transient Species ◽

Gaseous Species ◽

Alternative Pathways ◽

Nucleation Mechanisms ◽

Designed Experiment ◽

Phase Nucleation ◽

Vapor Nucleation

Gas phase nucleation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in planetary atmospheres and technical processes, yet our understanding of it is far from complete. In particular, the enhancement of nucleation by the addition of a more volatile, weakly interacting gaseous species to a nucleating vapor has escaped molecular-level experimental investigation. Here, we use a specially designed experiment to directly measure the chemical composition and the concentration of nucleating clusters in various binary CO2-containing vapors. Our analysis suggests that CO2 essentially catalyzes nucleation of the low vapor pressure component through the formation of transient, hetero-molecular clusters and thus provides alternative pathways for nucleation to proceed more efficiently. This work opens up new avenues for the quantitative assessment of nucleation mechanisms involving transient species in multicomponent vapors.

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