Paths to positivity: the relationship of age differences in appraisals of control to emotional experience

Executive function (EF) is a complex construct that reflects multiple higher-order cognitive processes such as planning, updating, inhibiting and set-shifting. Decline in these functions is a hallmark of cognitive ageing in humans, and age differences and changes in EF correlate with age-related differences and changes in association cortices, particularly the prefrontal areas. Here, we review evidence for age-related decline in EF and associated neurobiological changes in prosimians, New World and Old World monkeys, apes and humans. While EF declines with age in all primate species studied, the relationship of this decline with age-related alterations in the prefrontal cortex remains unclear, owing to the scarcity of neurobiological studies focusing on the ageing brain in most primate species. In addition, the influence of sex, vascular and metabolic risk, and hormonal status has rarely been considered. We outline several methodological limitations and challenges with the goal of producing a comprehensive integration of cognitive and neurobiological data across species and elucidating how ageing shapes neurocognitive trajectories in primates with different life histories, lifespans and brain architectures. Such comparative investigations are critical for fostering translational research and understanding healthy and pathological ageing in our own species. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process’.

Download Full-text

Influences of Experiential Pursuing Tendency in Experience Perception with the Moderating Role of Expertise and Demographics

Review of Social Sciences ◽

10.18533/rss.v1i10.76 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (10) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Buntae Kim

Keyword(s):

Emotional Experience ◽

The Other ◽

Professional Experience ◽

Font Size ◽

Individual Personality ◽

Emotional Dimensions ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Moderating Role

<span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif;">This study examines the relationship of consumers' experiential pursuing tendency and experience perception with the moderating role of consumers' expertise and their demographics, sex and age. Experience pursuing tendency is based on an individual personality. Experience perception is individuals' affection in the procession of consumption or after purchase. The study found that there are relationships between consumers' experience pursuing tendency and experience perception, sensual, affective consumers perceived even more emotional dimensions of experience. Whereas the other side of consumers, the pursuers more practical are less susceptible to emotional experience and more to professional experience. Accumulated knowledge by indirect learning or directly by oneself does not control the relationship between experiential pursuing tendency and experience perception. But sex and age among demographics are involving the relationships between them. Aged consumers over 50s perceived experience less, especially to the emotional side of experience perception. Finally, managerial and research implications are presented from the results of the study.</span>

Download Full-text

Moral Dilemmas and Personality Traits

Psychology and Law ◽

10.17759/psylaw.2019090210 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 141-155

Author(s):

S.N. Enikolopov ◽

T.I. Medvedeva ◽

O.Yu. Vorontsova

Keyword(s):

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Iowa Gambling Task ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Moral Dilemmas ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Moral Choice ◽

Pathological Narcissism ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The study examines the relationship of moral choice and emotional intelligence, personal characteristics, implicit preferences, the ability to rely on emotional experience. The study involved 74 subjects: 40 healthy subjects and 34 patients of the MHRC. All subjects performed the following tests: "Moral dilemmas", Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT V2.0), Ich-Struktur-Test nach Ammon (ISTA), Implicit Association Test (IAT). It is demonstrated that the number of utilitarian choices in "personality" dilemmas increases with a deterioration in the ability to recognize the emotions of other people as well as with a decrease in ambivalence in assessing one's own state and reducing the ability to control emotions. When making decisions, people who make utilitarian choices rely on the experience of delayed negative consequences, their immediate emotional effect is reduced. Utilitarian personality choices increased with the reduction of capability to attack in a constructive way, to perceive personal fear and the fear of others with pathological narcissism, destructive internal and external restrictions. The preference of practical decisions is related to the implicit preference of "depth".

Download Full-text

Sex-Role Stereotypes and Their Relationship to Respondents' Age and Sex

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3f.1343 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1343-1346

Author(s):

Carol Erdwins ◽

Arnold Small ◽

Ted Gessner ◽

Ruth Gross

Keyword(s):

Age Differences ◽

Sex Role ◽

Personal Attributes ◽

Sex Role Stereotypes ◽

The Feminine ◽

Feminine Role ◽

Personal Attributes Questionnaire ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Age And Sex

The relationship of an individual's age and sex to his sex-role stereotypes was investigated using the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The 140 males and 276 females differed significantly in their view of the masculine but not the feminine role; males held a more traditional view of the masculine sex role than females. In contrast age differences occurred only on the feminine sex role with subjects over 25 yr. of age consistently expressing a less stereotyped view of the feminine role.

Download Full-text

Conduct and affective disorders in developmental perspective: A systematic study of adolescent psychopathology

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579400006088 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 519-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Gil G. Noam ◽

Katherine Paget ◽

Gayle Valianta ◽

Sophie Borst ◽

John Bartok

Keyword(s):

Age Differences ◽

Ego Development ◽

Adolescent Psychopathology ◽

Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽

Conduct Disordered ◽

Development Level ◽

Iq Scores ◽

Development Levels ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThis study examined the relationship of psychiatric diagnoses to gender, IQ, and ego development level in an inpatient sample of 269 adolescents. It was found that adolescents with an affective disorder diagnosis, in contrast to those with a diagnosis of conduct or mixed affective-conduct disorder, were more likely to (a) be female, (b) have higher IQ scores, and (c) have higher ego development levels. No significant age differences were found between groups. Comparisons between the single diagnosis and mixed disorder groups indicated that the mixed disorder group is characterized by the most severe symptoms found in each of the pure affective and conduct disordered groups. A relationship between type of DSM-III diagnosis and ego development level in adolescence was demonstrated after controlling for the effects of age, gender, and IQ. These results are offered as an explication of the developmental dimensions inherent in DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses.

Download Full-text

Elements of Sensory-Emotional Experience as an Integral Part of Forming Visual Meanings: the Role of Conceptual Abilities

Psychology in Russia State of Art ◽

10.11621/pir.2021.0206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 86-100

Author(s):

Marina A. Kholodnaya ◽

Yana I. Sipovskaya

Keyword(s):

Emotional Experience ◽

Semantic Description ◽

Modeling Simulation ◽

Leading Role ◽

Bodily State ◽

Mental Modeling ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Degree Of Severity

Background. This article analyzes the relationship between sensory-emotional experience inthe process of semantic description of vague visual figures,and the level of conceptual (categorical and generative) abilities. Objective. The objective of our study was, first, to show the differences in the degree and features of activation of elements of sensory-emotional experience in the process of constructing the meanings of vague visual figures; and, second, to show the relationship of these differences with the level of categorical and generative abilities. Design.We studied 102 older adolescents ages 15-16 years. The research program included the following methods: 1) "Description of vague figures" (E.Yu. Artemyeva's technique change,1980; 1999); 2) "Generalization of three words" (Kholodnaya, 2012; Kholodnaya et al., 2019); and 3) "Conceptual synthesis" (Kholodnaya, 2012; Kholodnaya et al., 2019). Results. Our results showed that generative abilities play the leading role in determining the degree of severity and diversity of different modalities in forming visual meanings, as compared with categorical abilities. The transition simulation hypothesis explains the results. However, the embodied character of mental modeling (simulation) is not determined “bottom-up” by the individual’s bodily state or the activity of corresponding brain zones. On the contrary, conceptual (namely, generative) structures determine the form of the conceptual representations from the "top down." Conclusion. Generative abilities represent the highest level of organization of personal conceptual experience, which acquires a multimodal quality, due to the integral nature of conceptual (generative) structures.

Download Full-text

Predicting Music Appreciation with Past Emotional Responses to Music

Journal of Research in Music Education ◽

10.2307/3345810 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 57-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Robert H. Woody ◽

Kimberly J. Burns

Keyword(s):

Classical Music ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

Music Appreciation ◽

Classroom Teachers ◽

Music Listening ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Musical Background ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

This study is an exploration of the musical backgrounds and beliefs of nonmusicians and the relationship of these variables to music appreciation factors. Subjects were 533 college students enrolled in 17 sections of courses in Music Appreciation and Music for Classroom Teachers. Subjects completed a questionnaire regarding their musical backgrounds, preferences, and beliefs and then heard and responded to four highly expressive classical music excerpts. Data analyses indicated significant relationships between certain musical background factors and responsiveness to classical music. More specifically, past emotional experience with classical music was a reliable predictor of music appreciation, as measured by appropriate recognition of expression and willingness to listen to classical music on one's own time. Implications are drawn regarding approaches for teaching classical music to nonmusicians, including increased focus on expressive qualities in music listening experiences.

Download Full-text

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/s0094837300025707 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 146-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

William A. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Critical Points ◽

Scleractinian Corals ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Early Triassic ◽

Rugose Corals ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Download Full-text

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100074768 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 194-195

Author(s):

D. F. Blake ◽

L. F. Allard ◽

D. R. Peacor

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Sea Urchins ◽

Structural Features ◽

Sea Stars ◽

High Resolution Tem ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Download Full-text

Studies on Leukemogenic and Sarcomagenic Viruses

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100067777 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

Leon Dmochowski

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Mode Of Development ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Electron microscopy has proved to be an invaluable discipline in studies on the relationship of viruses to the origin of leukemia, sarcoma, and other types of tumors in animals and man. The successful cell-free transmission of leukemia and sarcoma in mice, rats, hamsters, and cats, interpreted as due to a virus or viruses, was proved to be due to a virus on the basis of electron microscope studies. These studies demonstrated that all the types of neoplasia in animals of the species examined are produced by a virus of certain characteristic morphological properties similar, if not identical, in the mode of development in all types of neoplasia in animals, as shown in Fig. 1.

Download Full-text