MR imaging of the central nervous system in diving-related decompression illness

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reuter ◽  
K. Tetzlaff ◽  
A. Hutzelmann ◽  
G. Fritsch ◽  
J.-C. Steffens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Decompression Illness ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Cerebrovascular Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Spinal Damage ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: This investigation was conducted to determine whether MR imaging showed cerebral or spinal damage in acute diving-related decompression illness, a term that includes decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE) Material and Methods: A total of 16 divers with dysbaric injuries were examined after the initiation of therapeutic recompression. Their injuries comprised: neurological DCS II n=8; AGE n=7; combined cerebral-AGE/spinal-DCS n=1. T1- and T2-weighted images of the brain were obtained in 2 planes. in addition, the spinal cord was imaged in 7 subjects. the imaging findings were correlated with the neurological symptoms Results: MR images of the head showed ischemic cerebrovascular lesions in 6/8 patients with AGE but showed focal hyperintensities in only 2/8 divers with DCS. Spinalcord involvement was detected in 1/7 examinations, which was the combined cerebral-AGE/spinal-DCS case. There was agreement between the locations of the documented lesions and the clinical manifestations Conclusion: MR readily detects cerebral damage in AGE but yields low sensitivity in DCS. A negative MR investigation cannot rule out AGE or DCS. However, MR is useful in the examination of patients with decompression illness

Spinal cord grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis detected by post-mortem high field MR imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Gilmore ◽  
JJG Geurts ◽  
N Evangelou ◽  
JCJ Bot ◽  
RA van Schijndel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
High Field ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
The Brain

Background Post-mortem studies demonstrate extensive grey matter demyelination in MS, both in the brain and in the spinal cord. However the clinical significance of these plaques is unclear, largely because they are grossly underestimated by MR imaging at conventional field strengths. Indeed post-mortem MR studies suggest the great majority of lesions in the cerebral cortex go undetected, even when performed at high field. Similar studies have not been performed using post-mortem spinal cord material. Aim To assess the sensitivity of high field post-mortem MRI for detecting grey matter lesions in the spinal cord in MS. Methods Autopsy material was obtained from 11 MS cases and 2 controls. Proton Density-weighted images of this formalin-fixed material were acquired at 4.7Tesla before the tissue was sectioned and stained for Myelin Basic Protein. Both the tissue sections and the MR images were scored for grey matter and white matter plaques, with the readers of the MR images being blinded to the histopathology results. Results Our results indicate that post-mortem imaging at 4.7Tesla is highly sensitive for cord lesions, detecting 87% of white matter lesions and 73% of grey matter lesions. The MR changes were highly specific for demyelination, with all lesions scored on MRI corresponding to areas of demyelination. Conclusion Our work suggests that spinal cord grey matter lesions may be detected on MRI more readily than GM lesions in the brain, making the cord a promising site to study the functional consequences of grey matter demyelination in MS.

scholarly journals Dengue infection in mice inoculated by the intracerebral route: neuropathological effects and identification of target cells for virus replication

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. S. Amorim ◽  
A. S. Azevedo ◽  
S. M. Costa ◽  
G. F. Trindade ◽  
C. A. Basílio-de-Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Neurological Morbidity ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDengue is an important arboviral infection, causing a broad range symptom that varies from life-threatening mild illness to severe clinical manifestations. Recent studies reported the impairment of the central nervous system (CNS) after dengue infection, a characteristic previously considered as atypical and underreported. However, little is known about the neuropathology associated to dengue. Since animal models are important tools for helping to understand the dengue pathogenesis, including neurological damages, the aim of this work was to investigate the effects of intracerebral inoculation of a neuroadapted dengue serotype 2 virus (DENV2) in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, mimicking some aspects of the viral encephalitis. Mice presented neurological morbidity after the 7th day post infection. At the same time, histopathological analysis revealed that DENV2 led to damages in the CNS, such as hemorrhage, reactive gliosis, hyperplastic and hypertrophied microglia, astrocyte proliferation, Purkinje neurons retraction and cellular infiltration around vessels in the pia mater and in neuropil. Viral tropism and replication were detected in resident cells of the brain and cerebellum, such as neurons, astrocyte, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Results suggest that this classical mice model might be useful for analyzing the neurotropic effect of DENV with similarities to what occurs in human.

Brain Grafting as a Treatment for Parkinson's Disease

Neurosurgery ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Perlow
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Parkinson's disease is an illness with neuropathological and neuroanatomical abnormalities in many areas of the central nervous system. Some clinical manifestations of this illness are correlated with pathological changes in the substantia nigra and with a loss of dopamine in the nigra and striatum. The most effective pharmacological treatments have used agents that either replace the lost dopamine or act as agonists on dopamine receptors. Recent studies in animal models of Parkinson's disease demonstrate that the loss of dopamine and many clinical manifestations of dopamine reduction can be reversed by transplantation of fetal dopamine-containing cells to specific dopamine-depleted areas of the brain. Long term viability of these transplants has also been demonstrated. The author suggests that the transplantation of dopamine neurons, even across species barriers, is a reasonable consideration for the treatment of human Parkinson's disease. This article reviews in detail the results of recent experiments and how the experience in these models might be utilized in determining a transplantation strategy for the treatment of specific clinical aspects of this illness.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of neuropathogenesis and neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
L.A. Dziak ◽  
O.S. Tsurkalenko ◽  
K.V. Chekha ◽  
V.M. Suk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Coronavirus infection is a systemic pathology resulting in impairment of the nervous system. The involvement of the central nervous system in COVID-19 is diverse by clinical manifestations and main mechanisms. The mechanisms of interrelations between SARS-CoV-2 and the nervous system include a direct virus-induced lesion of the central nervous system, inflammatory-mediated impairment, thrombus burden, and impairment caused by hypoxia and homeostasis. Due to the multi-factor mechanisms (viral, immune, hypoxic, hypercoagulation), the SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a wide range of neurological disorders involving both the central and peripheral nervous system and end organs. Dizziness, headache, altered level of consciousness, acute cerebrovascular diseases, hypogeusia, hyposmia, peripheral neuropathies, sleep disorders, delirium, neuralgia, myalgia are the most common signs. The structural and functional changes in various organs and systems and many neurological symptoms are determined to persist after COVID-19. Regardless of the numerous clinical reports about the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 as before it is difficult to determine if they are associated with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection or they are secondary to hypoxia, sepsis, cytokine reaction, and multiple organ failure. Penetrated the brain, COVID-19 can impact the other organs and systems and the body in general. Given the mechanisms of impairment, the survivors after COVID-19 with the infection penetrated the brain are more susceptible to more serious diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Given the multi-factor pathogenesis of COVID-19 resulting in long-term persistence of the clinical symptoms due to impaired neuroplasticity and neurogenesis followed by cholinergic deficiency, the usage of Neuroxon® 1000 mg a day with twice-day dosing for 30 days. Also, a long-term follow-up and control over the COVID-19 patients are recommended for the prophylaxis, timely determination, and correction of long-term complications.

scholarly journals Mortality Rate of CNS neoplasms in childhood in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathália dos Santos Farias ◽  
Beatriz Silva Silveira ◽  
Isabela Mascarenhas de Andrade ◽  
Lara Cordeiro Magalhães ◽  
Maria Luísa Sousa Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Incident Cancer ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Neoplasms ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
The Brain

Background: The variety of tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) during childhood is related to heterogenous clinical manifestations and to an important mortality rate (MR). In Brazil, CNS tumors represent the second most incident cancer during childhood and the main cause of death of children between ages 0-9. Objectives: To describe the number of hospitalizations and the MR of CNS neoplasms by childhood age group in Brazil. Design and Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study based on secondary data, obtained from DATASUS. Data were collected regarding the number of hospitalizations and MR by childhood age group due to neoplasm of the CNS in Brazil between the years 2009-2019. Results: A total of 38192 hospitalizations happened, resulting in 5.91% of MR. The highest value of brain’s neoplasms MR was found in children up to 1 year old (9,34%), but when it comes to number of hospitalizations, the group between ages 5-9 had the highest number, both in neoplasms of the brain (9364) and of other parts of the CNS (1767). Conclusions: The present study pointed out that the childhood age group with the lowest number of hospitalizations (less than 1 year) presented simultaneously the highest MR of CNS tumors.

Congenital primary cerebral angiosarcoma

2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Suzuki ◽  
Yasuko K. Yoshida ◽  
Reizo Shirane ◽  
Takashi Yoshimoto ◽  
Mika Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Specific Antigens

✓ Reports of angiosarcoma arising in the central nervous system are rare. The authors present the case of a 30-day-old infant with clinical manifestations of projectile vomiting and tense anterior fontanelle resulting from a left frontotemporal tumor. Total excision of this highly vascular, well-circumscribed tumor was performed without incident, and histopathological examination revealed a malignant angiosarcoma. Immunohistochemical reaction of the neoplastic cells was diffusely positive for endothelium-specific antigens including factor VIII-related antigen, CD31, and CD34. The final diagnosis of congenital primary cerebral angiosarcoma was thus confirmed. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged 2 weeks after the operation. He was in good condition with no sign of recurrence after 11 months; follow-up computerized tomography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and abdominal ultrasonography studies demonstrated no tumor regrowth. The characteristic findings for this tumor on MR imaging, the immunohistochemical findings, and surgical outcome are discussed.

scholarly journals Radiology of the central nervous system of patients in the acute phase of СOVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
T. N. Trofimova ◽  
P. L. Andropova ◽  
Zh. I. Savintseva ◽  
N. A. Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sinus Thrombosis ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

This article, being based on the analysis of literature and the author’s own materials, outlines the features of the lesion of the central nervous system in a new coronavirus infection. The main idea is that despite the primary damage to the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 can be attributed to a number of signs as neurotropic viruses, which is ultimately realized by the transport of the pathogen COVID-19 from the place of primary localization — the respiratory tract to the human brain. The virus is capable of hitting all possible pathways of being transferred through tissues and within a short time appears in the brain, interacting with ACE2 receptors and co-receptors, which are expressed in almost all brain cells, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microgliocytes, which carry out the main functional tasks of the brain. The clinical part is devoted to radiation diagnosis of lesions of the nervous system caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Analysis of the literature has made it possible to identify radiation variants of CNS lesions in COVID-19, illustrating the main clinical manifestations of the disease. There are several main clinical and morphological variants of CNS damage in COVID-19 1: acute ischemic stroke, acute encephalopathy, due to massive diffuse damage to the endothelium against the background of vasculitis / endotheliitis, occurring both with and without signs of cerebral artery thrombosis, hemorrhages, primarily of the type of small petechiae, polyetiologic in nature (endothelial damage, acute hypoxia, microembolism). In addition, hemorrhages can be a consequence of venous infarction against the background of sinus thrombosis. Radiological methods can diagnose multi-step lesions of the supra- and subtentorial white matter, vasculitis, in particular Susak’s syndrome, posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy — PRES, leukoencephalopathy, delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy, Miller–Fischer’s polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome), syndrome.

scholarly journals Leuko-Araiosis: An Ancient Term for a New Problem

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (S4) ◽  
pp. 533-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.C. Hachinski ◽  
P. Potter ◽  
H. Merskey
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Pathological Change ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Wide Usage

Abstract:Recent research with computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the brain has revealed a type of tissue change for which no fitting term exists. The change appears as areas of decreased density on CT and changed signals of the white matter in MR images. Because neither a definite pathological change nor a specific clinical deficit has been linked with the CT and MR changes, a designation is required that limits itself to describing the changes themselves.We propose “leuko-araiosis”. The Greek root leuko-, signifying “white”, has found wide usage in modern medical terminology: e.g. leucine, leukocyte, leukorrhoea. Also several precedents exist for its application to the white matter of the central nervous system: e.g. leukoencephalitis, leukomyelitis, leukotomy. Araios is an adjective meaning “rarefied”, and the suffix -osis converts the adjective to a noun meaning “rarefaction, diminution of density”, a word used in the Hippocratic Collection to describe a state of excessive porosity of the lung.A descriptive term precludes premature presuppositions and encourages the search for causes.

MR imaging of the central nervous system in diving-related decompression illness

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 940-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reuter ◽  
K. Tetzlaff ◽  
A. Hutzelmann ◽  
G. Fritsch ◽  
J. -C. Steffens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Decompression Illness ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Decompression Illness in Repetitive Breath-Hold Diving: Why Ischemic Lesions Involve the Brain?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyotaka Kohshi ◽  
Petar J. Denoble ◽  
Hideki Tamaki ◽  
Yoshitaka Morimatsu ◽  
Tatsuya Ishitake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Decompression Illness ◽  
Gas Embolism ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Brain

Nitrogen (N2) accumulation in the blood and tissues can occur due to breath-hold (BH) diving. Post-dive venous gas emboli have been documented in commercial BH divers (Ama) after repetitive dives with short surface intervals. Hence, BH diving can theoretically cause decompression illness (DCI). “Taravana,” the diving syndrome described in Polynesian pearl divers by Cross in the 1960s, is likely DCI. It manifests mainly with cerebral involvements, especially stroke-like brain attacks with the spinal cord spared. Neuroradiological studies on Ama divers showed symptomatic and asymptomatic ischemic lesions in the cerebral cortex, subcortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum. These lesions localized in the external watershed areas and deep perforating arteries are compatible with cerebral arterial gas embolism. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We consider that the most plausible mechanisms are arterialized venous gas bubbles passing through the lungs, bubbles mixed with thrombi occlude cerebral arteries and then expand from N2 influx from the occluded arteries and the brain. The first aid normobaric oxygen appears beneficial. DCI prevention strategy includes avoiding long-lasting repetitive dives for more than several hours, prolonging the surface intervals. This article provides an overview of clinical manifestations of DCI following repetitive BH dives and discusses possible mechanisms based on clinical and neuroimaging studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document