scholarly journals Gypsum Effect on Performance of American Ginseng

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 860B-860
Author(s):  
Jin Wook Lee* ◽  
Kenneth W. Mudge ◽  
Wansang Lim ◽  
Joseph Lardner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Woods cultivation of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) can generate income for forest land owners and decrease collection pressure on wild populations of this increasingly scarce forest herb. For woods cultivation, supplemental calcium by soil application of gypsum (CaSO4 2H2 O) is often recommended, but the effects of this practice on soil characteristics, plant growth and quality of American ginseng are not well characterized. In a greenhouse pot culture experiment, 3-year-old seedlings were treated with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Mt/ha gypsum and grown for 12 weeks. Gypsum application decreased soil pH slightly and elevated soil electrical conductivity and available soil calcium. Tissue levels of calcium were not affected by gypsum treatment but a significant increase in both shoot and root dry weight occurred. Total ginsenosides, which are the pharmacologically active components of ginseng, were increased slightly in roots but not in shoots of plants treated with 4 Mt/ha gypsum. Rb1, the most abundant ginsenoside in roots, was elevated in roots of plants treated with 3 Mt/ha gypsum. Ginsenoside Rg1 was elevated in shoots of plants treated with 2 Mt/ha gypsum. Regardless of gypsum treatment, qualitative differences (relative concentrations of different ginsenosides) between roots and shoots were observed.

scholarly journals GYPSUM AFFECTS AMERICAN GINSENG'S GROWTH, NUTRITION, AND GINSENOSIDES

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 492C-492
Author(s):  
Jin Wook Lee ◽  
Kenneth W. Mudge
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Tissue Calcium

In the Northeast, wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is typically found growing in the dense shade provided by deciduous hardwood tree species such as a sugar maple, in slightly acidic soils with relatively high calcium content. Woods cultivated ginseng is often grown in forest farming agroforestry systems under similar conditions. Supplemental calcium by soil incorporation of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is often recommended for woods cultivated ginseng. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this practice on soil chemical properties, plant growth and quality of American ginseng. In a greenhouse pot culture experiment, 2-year-old seedlings were treated with 0, 2, 4, 8, or 16 Mt·ha–1 gypsum and grown for 12 weeks. Gypsum application decreased soil pH slightly, elevated soil electrical conductivity and increased available soil Ca and sulfate concentrations. Tissue calcium concentration was increased with by gypsum treatment, but shoot and root growth was reduced. HPLC analysis of root ginsenosides revealed that Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2, PT ginsenoside (sum of ginsenoside Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) and total ginsenoside concentration increased by gypsum soil amendment.

scholarly journals Effect of Drought Stress on Growth and Ginsenoside Content of American Ginseng

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1116A-1116
Author(s):  
Jin Wook Lee ◽  
Kenneth W. Mudge ◽  
Joseph Lardner
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Stress Metabolites ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) contains pharmacologically active secondary compounds known as ginsenosides, which have been shown to be affected by both genetic and environmental factors. In this greenhouse experiment, we tested the hypothesis that ginsenosides would behave as “stress metabolites” and be associated with osmoregulation in response to drought stress. Two year-old seedlings, grown in 5-inch pots, were well watered for 40 days prior to the initiation of treatments. Plants in the drought stress treatment were watered every 20 days while the controls were watered every 10 days, and the experiment was terminated after 4 and 8 dry down cycles (80 days), respectively. Predawn leaf water potential and relative water content (RWC) of drought-stressed plants during a typical dry down cycle were lower than control plants. The diameter and weight of primary storage roots were decreased in the stressed treatment. The length of the main storage root and the longest secondary (fibrous) root were significantly increased by the drought stress treatment. Leaf chlorophyll content of drought-stressed plants was lower than controls. The osmotic potential of the drought-stressed ginseng was not lower than the control, indicating that ginsenoside is not involved in osmoregulation in response to drought stress. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd, and total ginsenosides were significantly lower in primary roots of drought-stressed plants compared to control plants.

scholarly journals Ginsenoside and phenolic compounds in hydromethanolic extracts of American ginseng cell cultures and their antioxidant properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Kochan ◽  
Grażyna Szymańska ◽  
Izabela Grzegorczy-Karolak ◽  
Piotr Szymczyk ◽  
Monika Sienkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Suspension Culture ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Callus Line ◽  
Antioxidant Power

The present study was performed to investigate the antioxidant properties of callus and suspension culture extracts of <em>Panax quinquefolium</em> (American ginseng). The ginsenoside content and the total phenolic content (TPC) in these cultures were also examined. The total amount of the nine studied saponins was found to be 2.08, 1.69, and 0.202 mg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight in red callus line (RCL), green callus line (GCL), and suspension cultures, respectively, by HPLC analysis. The TPC was estimated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The TPC of the suspension culture extracts was approximately 36.7% and 17.6% higher than that of the RCL and GCL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the in vitro ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays; the methanolic <em>P. quinquefolium</em> suspension culture extracts demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity than that of the callus cultures.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Stress on Ginsenoside Production and Growth of American Ginseng

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wansang Lim ◽  
Kenneth W. Mudge ◽  
Jin Wook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
And Storage

We determined the effect of moderate water stress on the growth of american ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), and on concentrations of six major ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd). Two-year-old “rootlets” (dormant rhizome and storage root) were cultivated in pots, in a cool greenhouse (18.3 ± 2 °C). Pots were watered either every 5 days (control) or every 10 days (stress), repeatedly for 8 days. Soil volumetric water content was measured during the last 10 days of the experiment for both treatments. Leaf water potential, measured on the last day of the experiment, was -0.43 MPa for the control and -0.83 MPa for the stress treatment. Drought stress did not affect above-ground shoot or root dry weight. Initial rootlet fresh weight (covariate) had a significant effect on the concentration of ginsenosides Re, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2. Drought stress increased the concentration of ginsenosides Re, Rb1, and total ginsenoside concentration.

scholarly journals Zbiorowiska mikroorganizmów w glebie spod leśnej uprawy żeń-szenia amerykańskiego

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Alina Pastucha ◽  
Barbara Kołodziej
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Average Total Number ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

The investigations were carried out in 2003-2004 on American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i> L.) plantation localised in the mixed forest in Trzciniec (Lubelski province). The object of the study was the soil from ginseng culture protected by the biological and chemical method. In the experiment there was also control plot - without any protection during plants vegetation. There were also analysed the infected roots of ginseng plants. Microbiological analyses showed that soil from control plots was characterised by the smallest average total number of bacteria. In 1 g of dry weight of soil after Polyversum application there was stated the highest number of bacterial colonies from <i>Bacillus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> genus. The highest number of fungal colonies was obtained in 1 g of dry weight of soil on the control plots. The highest number of saprophytic fungi (including those with antagonistic character) was obtained from the soil where the biological plant protection was applied. Generally, independently of a plant protection method, American ginseng plants were affected by <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Cylindrocarpon</i> spp., <i>Fusarium</i> spp., <i>Pythium irregulare</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>.

Metal-organic Nanopharmaceuticals

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-190
Author(s):  
Benjamin Steinborn ◽  
Ulrich Lächelt
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Coordination Polymers ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Lewis Base ◽  
High Loading ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Base Functions ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Theranostic Applications ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

: Coordinative interactions between multivalent metal ions and drug derivatives with Lewis base functions give rise to nanoscale coordination polymers (NCPs) as delivery systems. As the pharmacologically active agent constitutes a main building block of the nanomaterial, the resulting drug loadings are typically very high. By additionally selecting metal ions with favorable pharmacological or physicochemical properties, the obtained NCPs are predominantly composed of active components which serve individual purposes, such as pharmacotherapy, photosensitization, multimodal imaging, chemodynamic therapy or radiosensitization. By this approach, the assembly of drug molecules into NCPs modulates pharmacokinetics, combines pharmacological drug action with specific characteristics of metal components and provides a strategy to generate tailorable multifunctional nanoparticles. This article reviews different applications and recent examples of such highly functional nanopharmaceuticals with a high ‘material economy’. : Lay Summary: Nanoparticles, that are small enough to circulate in the bloodstream and can carry cargo molecules, such as drugs, imaging or contrast agents, are attractive materials for pharmaceutical applications. A high loading capacity is a generally aspired parameter of nanopharmaceuticals to minimize patient exposure to unnecessary nanomaterial. Pharmaceutical agents containing Lewis base functions in their molecular structure can directly be assembled into metal-organic nanopharmaceuticals by coordinative interaction with metal ions. Such coordination polymers generally feature extraordinarily high loading capacities and the flexibility to encapsulate different agents for a simultaneous delivery in combination therapy or ‘theranostic’ applications.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet Transparency of Plastic Films Determines the Quality of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in a Greenhouse

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Deissy Giovanna Quintero-Arias ◽  
John Fabio Acuña-Caita ◽  
Carlos Asensio ◽  
Juan Luis Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plastic Films ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Cycle Growth

The quality of red lettuce is based on the content of anthocyanin pigments, and the content of these pigments increases when the plant receives ultraviolet radiation. Lettuce crops are increasingly being grown in greenhouses to provide better quality fresh lettuce; however, both quality and productivity are affected by the type of cover used. The effects of UV-transparent and UV-blocking plastic films on the growth and quality of three lettuce cultivars (‘Casabella’ and ‘Vera’, which are both green leaf, and ‘Lollo Rosso’, which is red leaf) were investigated. The crop was cultivated at an altitude of 2576 m a.s.l. to naturally expose it to high ultraviolet radiation. The height and diameter of plants, fresh and dry weight, leaf area index, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf colour were determined throughout the crop cycle. Growth characteristics were not significantly influenced by the plastic film in all cultivars, probably due to the high altitude and the high solar radiation received. The UV-transparent film could increase the red colour in ‘Lollo Rosso’, and a higher commercial quality was achieved. No effect of the plastic film on the yield component was observed in the ‘Casabella’ and ‘Vera’ cultivars. The findings of this study provide guidance on what cultivar and plastic film must be used in high-altitude areas where the solar and UV radiation is high.

scholarly journals Pseudoginsenoside F11, a Novel Partial PPARγAgonist, Promotes Adiponectin Oligomerization and Secretion in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

PPAR Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoyu Wu ◽  
Junyang Yi ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
Pengcheng Wang ◽  
Zhijie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Panax Quinquefolium ◽  
Master Regulator

PPARγis a nuclear hormone receptor that functions as a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and development. Full PPARγagonists, such as the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), have been widely used to treat type 2 diabetes. However, they are characterized by undesirable side effects due to their strong agonist activities. Pseudoginsenoside F11 (p-F11) is an ocotillol-type ginsenoside isolated fromPanax quinquefolium L.(American ginseng). In this study, we found that p-F11 activates PPARγwith modest adipogenic activity. In addition, p-F11 promotes adiponectin oligomerization and secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We also found that p-F11 inhibits obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARγat Ser-273 by Cdk5. Therefore, p-F11 is a novel partial PPARγagonist, which might have the potential to be developed as a new PPARγ-targeted therapeutics for type 2 diabetes.

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