The impact of media concentration and economic factors on broadcast public interest programming

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Prisuta
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Media Concentration ◽  
The Impact

Freedom of Expression versus Privacy and the Right to Reputation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Voorhoof
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Right Of Privacy ◽  
The One ◽  
Grand Chamber ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The normative perspective of this chapter is how to guarantee respect for the fundamental values of freedom of expression and journalistic reporting on matters of public interest in cases where a (public) person claims protection of his or her right to reputation. First it explains why there is an increasing number and expanding potential of conflicts between the right to freedom of expression and media freedom (Article 10 ECHR), on the one hand, and the right of privacy and the right to protection of reputation (Article 8 ECHR), on the other. In addressing and analysing the European Court’s balancing approach in this domain, the characteristics and the impact of the seminal 2012 Grand Chamber judgment in Axel Springer AG v. Germany (no. 1) are identified and explained. On the basis of the analysis of the Court’s subsequent jurisprudence in defamation cases it evaluates whether this case law preserves the public watchdog-function of media, investigative journalism and NGOs reporting on matters of public interest, but tarnishing the reputation of public figures.

scholarly journals Landscape pattern and economic factors’ effect on prediction accuracy of cellular automata-Markov chain model on county scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 626-636
Author(s):  
Wang Song ◽  
Zhao Yunlin ◽  
Xu Zhenggang ◽  
Yang Guiyan ◽  
Huang Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Markov Chain ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
County Scale

AbstractUnderstanding and modeling of land use change is of great significance to environmental protection and land use planning. The cellular automata-Markov chain (CA-Markov) model is a powerful tool to predict the change of land use, and the prediction accuracy is limited by many factors. To explore the impact of land use and socio-economic factors on the prediction of CA-Markov model on county scale, this paper uses the CA-Markov model to simulate the land use of Anren County in 2016, based on the land use of 1996 and 2006. Then, the correlation between the land use, socio-economic data and the prediction accuracy was analyzed. The results show that Shannon’s evenness index and population density having an important impact on the accuracy of model predictions, negatively correlate with kappa coefficient. The research not only provides a reference for correct use of the model but also helps us to understand the driving mechanism of landscape changes.

scholarly journals Exploring optimal control of epidemic spread using reinforcement learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Quwsar Ohi ◽  
M. F. Mridha ◽  
Muhammad Mostafa Monowar ◽  
Md. Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Short Length ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Epidemic Spread ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Individual Human

AbstractPandemic defines the global outbreak of a disease having a high transmission rate. The impact of a pandemic situation can be lessened by restricting the movement of the mass. However, one of its concomitant circumstances is an economic crisis. In this article, we demonstrate what actions an agent (trained using reinforcement learning) may take in different possible scenarios of a pandemic depending on the spread of disease and economic factors. To train the agent, we design a virtual pandemic scenario closely related to the present COVID-19 crisis. Then, we apply reinforcement learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, that deals with how an individual (human/machine) should interact on an environment (real/virtual) to achieve the cherished goal. Finally, we demonstrate what optimal actions the agent perform to reduce the spread of disease while considering the economic factors. In our experiment, we let the agent find an optimal solution without providing any prior knowledge. After training, we observed that the agent places a long length lockdown to reduce the first surge of a disease. Furthermore, the agent places a combination of cyclic lockdowns and short length lockdowns to halt the resurgence of the disease. Analyzing the agent’s performed actions, we discover that the agent decides movement restrictions not only based on the number of the infectious population but also considering the reproduction rate of the disease. The estimation and policy of the agent may improve the human-strategy of placing lockdown so that an economic crisis may be avoided while mitigating an infectious disease.

ECP02-01 - Globalisation and the impact of economic factors on psychiatric disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1795-1795
Author(s):  
D. Bhugra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Migration Experiences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

IntroductionWith the process of globalisation in full flow, the movement of people and products across the globe has brought a series of difficulties. With migration the socio-economic status of the individuals may change with the likelihood that this status will be lower rather than higher, although depending upon the reasons for migration this may change too.ObjectivesLiterature shows that low socio-economic status is associated with a higher level of psychiatric morbidity.AimsWhether migration acts as a mediator needs to be investigated further.MethodsVarious studies have shown that rates of psychosis are elevated in migrants though these rates are differentially increased in different groups indicating that factors other than migration may be at play.ResultsIn this presentation the literature and link the acculturation and cultural identity with post-migration experiences will be reviewed.ConclusionA link exists between the perceptions within cultures and level of economic development of what constitutes mental health. The state of advancement of mental health services of a country will certainly have a large impact on prevalence rates. Further investigation should be carried out to examine in greater depth the relationship between social inequality and disorder prevalence, as distinct from income inequality.

Human rights restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and Russia. Legal and comparative aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 2(24) ◽  
pp. 323-340
Author(s):  
Marta Pietras-Eichberger
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
The Impact

The study analyzed selected issues related to the scope of human rights and freedoms during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland and Russia. The author wanted to compare the regulations issued by a Member State of the European Union and a country outside the European Union, often using undemocratic methods of exercising power. The work focuses on research problems related to the principles of protection, the confrontation of individual interests with the public interest, and the impact of the regimes introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights law in both countries. The thesis of the study is that in the event of a threat to public health, analogous restrictions on human rights are introduced both in an undemocratic country and in a country belonging to international structures identifying with democratic values. The state of the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed, and in some area even contributed to the creation of mechanisms reserved for crisis situations, posing a direct and real threat to public safety and health.

scholarly journals Socio-economic Factors Influencing the Development of Renewable Energy Production Sector in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-54
Author(s):  
Tadeusz A. Grzeszczyk ◽  
Waldemar Izdebski ◽  
Michał Izdebski ◽  
Tadeusz Waściński
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Renewable Energy Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Poland is not one of the leaders in the use of renewable energy sources (RES), and most energy is still produced using hard coal and lignite. Therefore, there are noteworthy emissions of air pollution (including ashes and greenhouse gases), and the Polish energy sector is characterized by a substantial degree of carbonization, which, as a result, threatens to expressively increase the costs of electricity production, leading to financial penalties imposed by the EU. The aim of this paper is to analyze socio-economic factors influencing the development of the RES sector in Poland. According to this aim, expert research was carried out, in which the factors influencing development potential of RES were assessed at two levels (level II – 5 factors, level III – 15 factors) according to the factor tree analysis. Based on the analysis of the level II factors, it can be concluded that the development of the RES sector in Poland will depend to a decisive extent on factors such as: EU decisions and Polish legislation affecting the development of the RES sector in Poland, prices and availability of conventional energy carriers. Other two factors – regional policy on ecology and ecological awareness in Poland – have so far little impact on the development of this sector in the state. The analysis of the level III factors shows that the greatest impact on the development of the RES sector in Poland is the influence of European lobbying of manufacturers of machinery and equipment for renewable energy production on EU law, the impact of Polish lobbying of conventional energy producers on Polish law in the production of renewable energy and the influence of European lobbying of renewable energy producers into EU law.

scholarly journals Economic Factors of the Intensifying the Migration Process

2018 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Demand Structure ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Migration Potential ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Migration Theories ◽  
The Impact

The factors influencing the intensification of the migration process have been considered since the appearance of the first migration theories. These factors determine both the potential migration opportunities and the actual conditions for the implementation of the migration process. Among the main factors that determine the intensity of the migration process, basic are the factors formed by the labor market (economic factors). Despite a number of migration theories that consider other factors, such as the demand structure, psychological and social factors, we determine the impact of precisely the economic factors (factors formed in the labor market) as the most significant. In today’s world, when determining the intensity and main directions of migration, the economic factors are taken into account by the majority of migrants. At the same time, indirect factors play an important role in the analysis of the migration process. Indirect factors, determining the basic conditions for the intensification of the migration process, form the potential for migration. Potential migration opportunities form an environment that determines the potential number of migrants. Indirect factors include not only the parameters of the development of the national economy as a whole, but also the parameters of the development of individual regions or territories that form the migration attractiveness of these regions.

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