The impact of spatial arrangements on epidemic disease dynamics and intervention strategies

AbstractCOVID-19 or coronavirus is a newly emerged infectious disease that started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread worldwide very quickly. Although the recovery rate is greater than the death rate, the COVID-19 infection is becoming very harmful for the human community and causing financial loses to their economy. No proper vaccine for this infection has been introduced in the market in order to treat the infected people. Various approaches have been implemented recently to study the dynamics of this novel infection. Mathematical models are one of the effective tools in this regard to understand the transmission patterns of COVID-19. In the present paper, we formulate a fractional epidemic model in the Caputo sense with the consideration of quarantine, isolation, and environmental impacts to examine the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak. The fractional models are quite useful for understanding better the disease epidemics as well as capture the memory and nonlocality effects. First, we construct the model in ordinary differential equations and further consider the Caputo operator to formulate its fractional derivative. We present some of the necessary mathematical analysis for the fractional model. Furthermore, the model is fitted to the reported cases in Pakistan, one of the epicenters of COVID-19 in Asia. The estimated value of the important threshold parameter of the model, known as the basic reproduction number, is evaluated theoretically and numerically. Based on the real fitted parameters, we obtained $\mathcal{R}_{0} \approx 1.50$ R 0 ≈ 1.50 . Finally, an efficient numerical scheme of Adams–Moulton type is used in order to simulate the fractional model. The impact of some of the key model parameters on the disease dynamics and its elimination are shown graphically for various values of noninteger order of the Caputo derivative. We conclude that the use of fractional epidemic model provides a better understanding and biologically more insights about the disease dynamics.

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Mathematical Modeling of Covid-19 Disease Dynamics and Analysis of Intervention Strategies

Mathematical Modelling and Applications ◽

10.11648/j.mma.20200503.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 176

Author(s):

Rotich Kiplimo Titus ◽

Lagat Robert Cheruiyot ◽

Choge Paul Kipkurgat

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Disease Dynamics

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Child development and disability

Oxford Textbook of Global Health of Women, Newborns, Children, and Adolescents ◽

10.1093/med/9780198794684.003.0038 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 195-199

Author(s):

Richard Rosch ◽

Michelle Heys ◽

Hannah Kuper

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Global Health ◽

Developmental Outcomes ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Childhood Development ◽

Developmental Potential ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Development Goals ◽

The Impact

Worldwide, many children do not meet their developmental potential. This is particularly the case in LMICs and especially affects children living with disability. Thus, improving developmental attainment and reducing the impact of disability has now become an integral part of many of the sustainable development goals. This chapter introduces several tools currently available to measure both childhood development, and the effects of disability. Using examples from current research in global health this chapter introduces both known effective intervention strategies that improve developmental outcomes, and highlights challenges and future priorities for further research. These points are further illustrated using epilepsy as a case study, highlighting how the interaction of biomedical, psychosocial, and socioeconomic factors impacts on childhood development.

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Coaching Childcare Providers to Support Toddlers' Gesture Use With Children Experiencing Early Childhood Poverty

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/2020_lshss-20-00112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 686-701

Author(s):

Mollie Romano ◽

Johanna Eugenio ◽

Edie Kiratzis

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Social Validity ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Validity Data ◽

Childhood Poverty ◽

Coaching Intervention ◽

Classroom Routines ◽

Book Sharing ◽

Coaching Approach ◽

The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of an intervention in which childcare providers (CCPs) are coached to support toddlers' gesture use during every day classroom routines. Method This study uses a multiple-baseline across strategies single-case experimental design to examine the impact of a coaching intervention on three CCPs' use of communication strategies with toddlers experiencing early childhood poverty. The CCPs were coached with a systematic framework called Setting the Stage, Observation and Opportunities to Embed, Problem-solving and Planning, Reflection and Review as they learned to implement three strategies to support toddlers' gesture use— modeling gestures with a short phrase, opportunities to gesture, and responding/expanding child gestures . CCPs were coached during book sharing and another classroom routine of their choice. Social validity data on the coaching approach and on the intervention strategies were gathered from postintervention interviews. Results The visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs' effect size indicates that the coaching intervention had a functional relation with CCPs' use of modeling gestures and responding/expanding gestures during book sharing, play, and circle time. Social validity data indicate that CCPs found the coaching framework supportive of their learning and feelings of self-efficacy, and that the intervention strategies supported their toddlers' communication. Conclusions The coaching framework was used to increase CCP strategy use during everyday classroom routines with toddlers. CCPs endorsed the coaching approach and the intervention strategies. This study adds to the literature supporting efforts to enhance children's earliest language learning environments. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14044055

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Inspiring Poor Women to Empower Themselves

Wealth Creation and Poverty Reduction ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-1207-4.ch053 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 955-970

Author(s):

Keitseope Nthomang

Keyword(s):

Focus Group ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Policy Recommendations ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Poor Women ◽

Key Policy ◽

Micro Level ◽

The Impact ◽

Depth Interviews

Empirical studies on the impact of micro level intervention strategies on poverty among poor women in Botswana are lacking, yet women are a valuable asset for the economy of the country. Continued marginalization and disempowerment of women has become a serious problem which merit urgent attention. This article investigates the potential of the Grow Model in transforming the lives of 14 women who belong to the Kgopolano GROW Group in Molepolole, Botswana. Data was collected in May 2014 using primarily in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The analysis utilized both content and thematic approaches. The results showed how the Grow Model has inspired women to empower themselves and self-transform into productive and prosperous lives. The results affirm the strength of the GROW model in promoting empowerment for social change in marginalized contexts. Key policy recommendations recognizes the limitations of the GROW model and build on its strengths.

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A Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Study on Industry 4.0 Among the Public Sector Construction Client in Malaysia

Handbook of Research on Driving Transformational Change in the Digital Built Environment - Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-6600-8.ch001 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

Nadia Safura Zabidin ◽

Sheila Belayutham ◽

Che Khairil Izam Che Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Construction Industry ◽

Industry 4.0 ◽

Reference Value ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

The Public ◽

Kap Study ◽

Technological Growth ◽

The Impact ◽

People’S Perceptions

The impact of Industry 4.0 will amplify globalization, automation, virtualization, integration, and agility towards the construction industry's development in light of different stakeholders in the industry. In this chapter, people's perceptions, awarenesses, and operations on Industry 4.0's innovation and technological growth, which constitutes a new scenario for future construction industry, will be explored. The outcome of this Industry 4.0 study provides an overview of the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) among the public sector construction client in Malaysia. This would enable the establishment of the baseline (reference value) for future intervention strategies by having construction public sector, particularly the client, as the driver for change towards construction digitalisation.

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Family Caregiving for Older Adults

Annual Review of Psychology ◽

10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050754 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 635-659 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Richard Schulz ◽

Scott R. Beach ◽

Sara J. Czaja ◽

Lynn M. Martire ◽

Joan K. Monin

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Family Caregiving ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Primary Source ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Care Recipient ◽

Wide Range ◽

Intensity Of Care ◽

The Impact

Family members are the primary source of support for older adults with chronic illness and disability. Thousands of published empirical studies and dozens of reviews have documented the psychological and physical health effects of caregiving, identified caregivers at risk for adverse outcomes, and evaluated a wide range of intervention strategies to support caregivers. Caregiving as chronic stress exposure is the conceptual driver for much of this research. We review and synthesize the literature on the impact of caregiving and intervention strategies for supporting caregivers. The impact of caregiving is highly variable, driven largely by the intensity of care provided and the suffering of the care recipient. The intervention literature is littered with many failures and some successes. Successful interventions address both the pragmatics of care and the emotional toll of caregiving. We conclude with both research and policy recommendations that address a national agenda for caregiving.

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Anaemia and Haemoglobin Status: A New Concept and a New Method of Assessment

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482659601700106 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rainer Gross ◽

Marcus Gliwitzki ◽

Patrick Gross ◽

Klaus Frank

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Supply ◽

Haemoglobin Concentration ◽

Tissue Level ◽

Intervention Strategies ◽

Blood Oxygenation ◽

The Body ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Method Of Assessment ◽

The Impact ◽

Tissue Oxygen Supply

Traditionally, anaemia has been determined and interpreted by the magnitude and severity of iron deficiency and the impact of intervention strategies. Internationally, it is defined as a state in which the quality and/or quantity of circulating red cells are reduced below a normal level The body employs several mechanisms during the development of anaemia to maintain the oxygen supply to the tissues. Thus, applying any quantitative cut-off point as an indicator for anaemia may lead to misclassification, since haemoglobin concentration does not necessarily reflect the level of tissue oxygen supply. Ideally, an assessment strategy should be able to determine both the degree of haemoglobin oxygenation and the haemoglobin concentration at a tissue level. The Erlangen microlight-guide spectrophotometer is a non-invasive instrument that can assess both capillary blood oxygenation and relative haemoglobin concentration.

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Optimal control approaches for combining medicines and mosquito control in tackling dengue

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.181843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 181843 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas Rawson ◽

Kym E. Wilkins ◽

Michael B. Bonsall

Keyword(s):

Optimal Control ◽

Disease Control ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Large Population ◽

Human Movement ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Disease Dynamics ◽

Vector Ecology ◽

Dengue Disease ◽

The Impact

Dengue is a debilitating and devastating viral infection spread by mosquito vectors, and over half the world’s population currently live at risk of dengue (and other flavivirus) infections. Here, we use an integrated epidemiological and vector ecology framework to predict optimal approaches for tackling dengue. Our aim is to investigate how vector control and/or vaccination strategies can be best combined and implemented for dengue disease control on small networks, and whether these optimal strategies differ under different circumstances. We show that a combination of vaccination programmes and the release of genetically modified self-limiting mosquitoes (comparable to sterile insect approaches) is always considered the most beneficial strategy for reducing the number of infected individuals, owing to both methods having differing impacts on the underlying disease dynamics. Additionally, depending on the impact of human movement on the disease dynamics, the optimal way to combat the spread of dengue is to focus prevention efforts on large population centres. Using mathematical frameworks, such as optimal control, are essential in developing predictive management and mitigation strategies for dengue disease control.

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Modelling the impact of alternative HIV intervention strategies in rural Uganda

AIDS ◽

10.1097/00002030-199511000-00008 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1263-1270 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

N. Jamie Robinson ◽

Daan W. Mulder ◽

Bertran Auvert ◽

Richard J. Hayes

Keyword(s):

Intervention Strategies ◽

Hiv Intervention ◽

The Impact

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