The impact of eye movements on a verbal creativity task

Mice carrying mutations of the gene encoding the ion pore of the P/Q calcium channel (Cacna1a) are an instance in which cerebellar dysfunction may be attributable to altered electrophysiology and thus provide an opportunity to study how neuronal intrinsic properties dictate signal processing in the ocular motor system. P/Q channel mutations can engender multiple effects at the single neuron, circuit, and behavioral levels; correlating physiological and behavioral abnormalities in multiple allelic strains will ultimately facilitate determining which alterations of physiology are responsible for specific behavioral aberrations. We used videooculography to quantify ocular motor behavior in tottering mutants aged 3 mo to 2 yr and compared their performance to data previously obtained in the allelic mutant rocker and C57BL/6 controls. Tottering mutants shared numerous abnormalities with rocker, including upward deviation of the eyes at rest, increased vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) phase lead at low stimulus frequencies, reduced VOR gain at high stimulus frequencies, reduced gain of the horizontal and vertical optokinetic reflex, reduced time constants of the neural integrator, and reduced plasticity of the VOR as assessed in a cross-axis training paradigm. Unlike rocker, young tottering mutants exhibited normal peak velocities of nystagmus fast phases, arguing against a role for neuromuscular transmission defects in the attenuation of compensatory eye movements. Tottering also differed by exhibiting directional asymmetries of the gains of optokinetic reflexes. The data suggest at least four pathophysiological mechanisms (two congenital and two acquired) are required to explain the ocular motor deficits in the two Cacna1a mutant strains.

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The Impact of Eye Movements and Cognitive Workload on Lateral Position Variability in Driving

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/0018720813480177 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 1001-1014 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Joel M. Cooper ◽

Nathan Medeiros-Ward ◽

David L. Strayer

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Lateral Position ◽

Cognitive Workload ◽

The Impact

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Effects of caudate microstimulation on spontaneous and purposive saccades

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00046.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 334-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Masayuki Watanabe ◽

Douglas P. Munoz

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Basal Ganglia ◽

Saccadic Eye Movements ◽

Task Demands ◽

Behavioral Symptoms ◽

Intrinsic Signals ◽

Clinical Disorders ◽

Behavioral Paradigm ◽

The Impact

Electrical stimulation has been delivered to the basal ganglia (BG) to treat intractable symptoms of a variety of clinical disorders. However, it is still unknown how such treatments improve behavioral symptoms. A difficulty of this problem is that artificial signals created by electrical stimulation interact with intrinsic signals before influencing behavior, thereby making it important to understand how such interactions between artificial and intrinsic signals occur. We addressed this issue by analyzing the effects of electrical stimulation under the following two behavioral conditions that induce different states of intrinsic signals: 1) subjects behave spontaneously without task demands; and 2) subjects perform a behavioral paradigm purposefully. We analyzed saccadic eye movements in monkeys while delivering microstimulation to the head and body of the caudate nucleus, a major input stage of the oculomotor BG. When monkeys generated spontaneous saccades, caudate microstimulation biased saccade vector endpoints toward the contralateral direction of stimulation sites. However, when caudate microstimulation was delivered during a purposive prosaccade (look toward a visual stimulus) or an antisaccade (look away from a stimulus) paradigm, it created overall ipsilateral biases by suppressing contralateral saccades more strongly than ipsilateral saccades. These results suggest that the impact of BG electrical stimulation changes dynamically depending on the state of intrinsic signals that vary under a variety of behavioral demands in everyday life.

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Influence of soundtrack on eye movements during video exploration

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.5.4.2 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Antoine Coutrot ◽

Nathalie Guyader ◽

Gelu Ionescu ◽

Alice Caplier

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Fixation Duration ◽

Visual Features ◽

Eye Position ◽

Saccade Amplitude ◽

The Gaze ◽

Spatial Sound ◽

Complex Scenes ◽

The Impact

Models of visual attention rely on visual features such as orientation, intensity or motion to predict which regions of complex scenes attract the gaze of observers. So far, sound has never been considered as a possible feature that might influence eye movements. Here, we evaluate the impact of non-spatial sound on the eye movements of observers watching videos. We recorded eye movements of 40 participants watching assorted videos with and without their related soundtracks. We found that sound impacts on eye position, fixation duration and saccade amplitude. The effect of sound is not constant across time but becomes significant around one second after the beginning of video shots.

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Effects of speech rate on anticipatory eye movements in the visual world paradigm: Evidence from aging, native, and non-native language processing

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021820948019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 2348-2361

Author(s):

Leigh B Fernandez ◽

Paul E Engelhardt ◽

Angela G Patarroyo ◽

Shanley EM Allen

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Language Processing ◽

Speech Rate ◽

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Anticipatory Eye Movements ◽

Rate Experiment ◽

Suprasegmental Cues ◽

The Impact ◽

Level Performance

Research has shown that suprasegmental cues in conjunction with visual context can lead to anticipatory (or predictive) eye movements. However, the impact of speech rate on anticipatory eye movements has received little empirical attention. The purpose of the current study was twofold. From a methodological perspective, we tested the impact of speech rate on anticipatory eye movements by systemically varying speech rate (3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.0 syllables per second) in the processing of filler-gap dependencies. From a theoretical perspective, we examined two groups thought to show fewer anticipatory eye movements, and thus likely to be more impacted by speech rate. Experiment 1 compared anticipatory eye movements across the lifespan with younger (18–24 years old) and older adults (40–75 years old). Experiment 2 compared L1 speakers of English and L2 speakers of English with an L1 of German. Results showed that all groups made anticipatory eye movements. However, L2 speakers only made anticipatory eye movements at 3.5 syllables per second, older adults at 3.5 and 4.5 syllables per second, and younger adults at speech rates up to 5.5 syllables per second. At the fastest speech rate, all groups showed a marked decrease in anticipatory eye movements. This work highlights (1) the importance of speech rate on anticipatory eye movements, and (2) group-level performance differences in filler-gap prediction.

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ORIENTATION IN SPACE, VESTIBULAR FUNCTION AND OCULAR TRACKING IN THE CHANGED GRAVITATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Aerospace and Environmental Medicine ◽

10.21687/0233-528x-2020-54-6-50-57 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

pp. 50-57

Author(s):

L.N. Kornilova ◽

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Spatial Perception ◽

Sensory Deprivation ◽

Space Station ◽

Vestibular Function ◽

Sensory Stimulation ◽

The Body ◽

Fixational Eye Movements ◽

Ocular Tracking ◽

The Impact

The paper reports results of the author's sensorimotor physiology studies made under the guidance of I.B.Kozlovskaya. The vestibular function and ocular tracking tests were performed by more than 100 cosmonauts prior to and after long-term missions to the Mir and International space station. Fifty two of them implemented these tests between mission days 129 to 215. We studies orientation illusions, spontaneous eye movements, static vestibulo-ocular response to head turns (static otolith-cervical reflex), dynamic vestibulo-ocular reactions to the head roll about the body axis, precision of fixational eye movements, and smooth tracking. Results of testing in the real changed gravity were compared with the data from 7 to 21-day simulation studies in horizontal dry immersion. The tests revealed 4 forms of vestibular disorders characterized by disturbances of spatial perception, orientation illusions, inversions of vection illusions, weakening of static and strengthening of dynamic vestibulo-ocular reactions, a new visual tracking strategy termed a saccadic approximation, that is the gaze approaches or tracks a target using a series of saccadic movements. In addition, the tests made it possible to specify the impact of afferentation deficit (sensory deprivation) on accuracy of ocular and ocular-manual tracking and validate additional sensory stimulation as a method to counteract the effects of sensory deprivation in real and simulated microgravity.

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The impact of audio on the reading of intralingual versus interlingual subtitles: Evidence from eye movements

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716421000527 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-33

Author(s):

Sixin Liao ◽

Lili Yu ◽

Jan-Louis Kruger ◽

Erik D. Reichle

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Information Sources ◽

Lexical Processing ◽

Auditory Information ◽

Video Content ◽

Video Presentation ◽

Chinese Speakers ◽

The Impact

Abstract This study investigated how semantically relevant auditory information might affect the reading of subtitles, and if such effects might be modulated by the concurrent video content. Thirty-four native Chinese speakers with English as their second language watched video with English subtitles in six conditions defined by manipulating the nature of the audio (Chinese/L1 audio vs. English/L2 audio vs. no audio) and the presence versus absence of video content. Global eye-movement analyses showed that participants tended to rely less on subtitles with Chinese or English audio than without audio, and the effects of audio were more pronounced in the presence of video presentation. Lexical processing of subtitles was not modulated by the audio. However, Chinese audio, which presumably obviated the need to read the subtitles, resulted in more superficial post-lexical processing of the subtitles relative to either the English or no audio. On the contrary, English audio accentuated post-lexical processing of the subtitles compared with Chinese audio or no audio, indicating that participants might use English audio to support subtitle reading (or vice versa) and thus engaged in deeper processing of the subtitles. These findings suggest that, in multimodal reading situations, eye movements are not only controlled by processing difficulties associated with properties of words (e.g., their frequency and length) but also guided by metacognitive strategies involved in monitoring comprehension and its online modulation by different information sources.

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Artifact in Pediatric Oculomotor Findings during Videonystagmography: A Retrospective Analysis

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.3766/jaaa.16021 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (04) ◽

pp. 314-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steven M. Doettl ◽

Patrick N. Plyler ◽

Devin L. McCaslin

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Smooth Pursuit ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Age Group ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Artifact Rejection ◽

The Impact

Background: Accurate measurement of oculomotor function using videonystagmography (VNG) is imperative for diagnosis and management of patients with reported dizziness. The oculomotor evaluation during VNG utilizes video-oculography providing valuable information regarding the central structures and pathways that control eye movements. Artifact may have an effect on the overall validity and reliability of VNG oculomotor tracings and can result from patient and/or recording errors. It is postulated that artifact could occur more frequently in the pediatric population due to both patient and equipment factors. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the occurrence and impact of artifact on saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic (OPK) testing in normal pediatric and adult subjects using commercially available clinical VNG equipment and standard clinical protocols for oculomotor testing. Research Design: The present study utilized a retrospective analysis of a repeated measures design. Study Sample: Oculomotor results from a total of 62 participants were analyzed. Portions of these data have been presented in a previous research study. Group 1 consisted of twenty-nine 4- to 6-yr-olds with an average age of 4.86 (SD = 0.88) yr. Group 2 consisted of thirty-three 22- to 44-yr-olds with an average age of 25.2 (SD = 5.34) yr. Data Collection and Analysis: Raw oculomotor recordings were analyzed “offline” by a single masked, trained investigator. Each tracing was evaluated for instances of artifact including eye blinks, eye closure, eyes moving in opposite direction of the target, eye tracking software problems, and overall poor morphology. The number of instances of artifact were noted and recorded for each participant in both groups. Individual eye movements not affected by artifact were included for final analysis. Artifact rejection techniques were also compared. Results: The results indicated increased artifact for the pediatric group for saccade and smooth pursuit testing. Additionally, a significant decrease in instances of artifact was noted with an increase in age in months for both saccade and smooth pursuit findings. OPK results did not indicate any significant difference in instances of artifact between the pediatric and adult groups or any decrease in instances of artifact with increasing age in the pediatric group. Artifact rejection technique did not have a significant effect on oculomotor measures for either age group. Conclusions: Pediatric patients exhibit increased instances of artifact during VNG oculomotor testing, specifically during saccade and smooth pursuit testing, at least for the 4- to 6-yr-old population. A general age effect was also noted in this age group, with decreased artifact noted with increasing age. Artifact rejection technique was not a significant factor suggesting standard compared based strategies may be sufficient for use in the pediatric population. Additional study into the effect of artifact on oculomotor results for infants to age 3 yr and ages 7- to 18-yr-old, in the disordered population, and with additional equipment manufacturers is needed to confirm these results and further describe the impact of artifact on oculomotor findings in the pediatric population.

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