scholarly journals Vaccine Immunity to Pathogenic Fungi Overcomes the Requirement for CD4 Help in Exogenous Antigen Presentation to CD8+ T Cells

2003 ◽  
Vol 197 (11) ◽  
pp. 1405-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Wüthrich ◽  
Hanna I. Filutowicz ◽  
Tom Warner ◽  
George S. Deepe ◽  
Bruce S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Immune Deficiencies ◽  
Vaccine Immunity

Systemic fungal infections with primary and opportunistic pathogens have become increasingly common and represent a growing health menace in patients with AIDS and other immune deficiencies. T lymphocyte immunity, in particular the CD4+ Th 1 cells, is considered the main defense against these pathogens, and their absence is associated with increased susceptibility. It would seem illogical then to propose vaccinating these vulnerable patients against fungal infections. We report here that CD4+ T cells are dispensable for vaccine-induced resistance against experimental fungal pulmonary infections with two agents, Blastomyces dermatitidis an extracellular pathogen, and Histoplasma capsulatum a facultative intracellular pathogen. In the absence of T helper cells, exogenous fungal antigens activated memory CD8+ cells in a major histocompatibility complex class I–restricted manner and CD8+ T cell–derived cytokines tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor–mediated durable vaccine immunity. CD8+ T cells could also rely on alternate mechanisms for robust vaccine immunity, in the absence of some of these factors. Our results demonstrate an unexpected plasticity of immunity in compromised hosts at both the cellular and molecular level and point to the feasibility of developing vaccines against invasive fungal infections in patients with severe immune deficiencies, including those with few or no CD4+ T cells.

scholarly journals Clearance of HIV Type 1 Envelope Recombinant Sendai Virus Depends on CD4+T Cells and Interferon-γ But Not B Cells, CD8+T Cells, or Perforin

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 783-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherri L. Surman ◽  
Scott A. Brown ◽  
Bart G. Jones ◽  
David L. Woodland ◽  
Julia L. Hurwitz
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Sendai Virus ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Hiv Type 1

Recovery of Functional EBV Specific T Cells Is Not Impaired In Patients with Chronic Gvhd.

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 1286-1286
Author(s):  
Mette Hoegh-Petersen ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Stephanie Liu ◽  
Alejandra Ugarte-Torres ◽  
Kevin Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Chronic Gvhd ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr

Abstract Abstract 1286 Introduction: T cell expression of PD-1, a marker of functional exhaustion manifested by inability to produce cytokines upon stimulation, is upregulated in patients with acute GHVD. This is thought to explain at least in part why patients with acute GVHD have frequent infections (Gallez-Hawkins et al, BBMT15:872, 2009). Here we wished to evaluate whether this is true also for chronic GVHD. Patients and Methods: We studied 17 allogeneic HCT recipients for AML who have not developed acute or chronic GVHD by day 84. Their blood was drawn on day 84, 180 and 365. Between day 84 and 365, 7 patients did and 10 patients did not develop chronic GVHD needing systemic immunosuppressive therapy (de novo, ie, without preceding acute GVHD). Onset of the chronic GVHD was on median day 103 (range, 90–147). We studied total CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, as patients with chronic GVHD are at risk of EBV disease (Landgren et al, Blood,14:4992, 2009). Blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lysate, EBNA3A+B+C overlapping peptides, no or irrelevant stimulus as negative control, or Staphylococcal enterotoxin B as positive control. After overnight incubation, expression of IFNγ, TNFα, IL2 and PD-1 on CD3+CD4+CD8- or CD3+CD4-CD8+ cells was determined by flow cytometry. Cells expressing IFNγ, TNFα, IL2 or their combinations were enumerated. PD-1 expression was quantified using beads coated with anti-mouse antibody (Quantum Simply Cellular, Bangs Laboratories) and expressed as antibody binding capacity units (ABC) (dynamic range, approximately 300 to 500,000 ABC units per cell). Results: PD-1 expression on total, EBV lysate-specific or EBNA3-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells was not significantly higher among patients who did vs did not develop chronic GVHD. On the contrary, there was a trend toward lower PD-1 expression on EBV lysate-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells and EBNA3-specific CD4 T cells in patients who developed chronic GVHD. This was significant (p<.05, Mann-Whitney test) for EBV lysate-specific CD4 T cells on day 84, EBV lysate-specific CD8 T cells on day 180, EBV lysate-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells on day 365, EBNA3-specific CD4 T cells on day 84 and EBNA3-specific CD4 T cells on day 365. Consistent with that, absolute counts of total, EBV lysate-specific or EBNA3-specific T cells were not significantly lower in patients who did vs did not develop chronic GVHD. On the contrary, there was a trend toward higher EBV lysate-specific and EBNA3-specific CD4 or CD8 T cell counts in patients who developed chronic GVHD. This was significant on day 84 for total EBV lysate-specific CD4 and CD8 cells, EBV lysate-specific CD4+IFNγ+ cells and CD8+IFNγ+ cells, and total EBNA3-specific CD4 cells, EBNA3-specific CD4+IFNγ+ cells, CD4+IL2+ cells, CD4+IFNγ+TNFα+IL2+ cells and CD8+IFNγ+ cells. Conclusion: De novo chronic GvHD and its treatment do not adversely affect the counts of functional EBV specific T cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Lineage-specific Requirement for Signal Transducer and Activator of  Transcription (Stat)4 in Interferon γ Production from CD4+ Versus CD8+ T Cells

1999 ◽  
Vol 189 (8) ◽  
pp. 1355-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Carter ◽  
Kenneth M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Cytolytic Activity ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Specific Requirement ◽  
Tcr Signaling ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Ifn Γ

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells exhibit important differences in their major effector functions. CD8+ T cells provide protection against pathogens through cytolytic activity, whereas CD4+ T cells exert important regulatory activity through production of cytokines. However, both lineages can produce interferon (IFN)-γ, which can contribute to protective immunity. Here we show that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells differ in their regulation of IFN-γ production. Both lineages require signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4 activation for IFN-γ induced by interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18 signaling, but only CD4+ T cells require Stat4 for IFN-γ induction via the TCR pathway. In response to antigen, CD8+ T cells can produce IFN-γ independently of IL-12, whereas CD4+ T cells require IL-12 and Stat4 activation. Thus, there is a lineage-specific requirement for Stat4 activation in antigen-induced IFN-γ production based on differences in TCR signaling between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

scholarly journals CD4 cells can be more efficient at tumor rejection than CD8 cells

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 5346-5354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainhoa Perez-Diez ◽  
Nathalie T. Joncker ◽  
Kyungho Choi ◽  
William F. N. Chan ◽  
Colin C. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Antitumor Effector

Abstract Researchers designing antitumor treatments have long focused on eliciting tumor-specific CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) because of their potent killing activity and their ability to reject transplanted organs. The resulting treatments, however, have generally been surprisingly poor at inducing complete tumor rejection, both in experimental models and in the clinic. Although a few scattered studies suggested that CD4 T “helper” cells might also serve as antitumor effectors, they have generally been studied mostly for their ability to enhance the activity of CTL. In this mouse study, we compared monoclonal populations of tumor-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells as effectors against several different tumors, and found that CD4 T cells eliminated tumors that were resistant to CD8-mediated rejection, even in cases where the tumors expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules but not MHC class II. MHC class II expression on host tissues was critical, suggesting that the CD4 T cells act indirectly. Indeed, the CD4 T cells partnered with NK cells to obtain the maximal antitumor effect. These findings suggest that CD4 T cells can be powerful antitumor effector cells that can, in some cases, outperform CD8 T cells, which are the current “gold standard” effector cell in tumor immunotherapy.

scholarly journals CD40-deficient, Influenza-specific CD8 Memory T Cells Develop and Function Normally in a CD40-sufficient Environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 198 (11) ◽  
pp. 1759-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung O. Lee ◽  
Louise Hartson ◽  
Troy D. Randall
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Classical Model ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Cell Responses

Two models have been proposed to explain the requirement for CD40 signaling in CD8 T cell responses. The first model suggests that CD4 T cells activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through CD40 signaling (APC licensing). In turn, licensed APCs are able to prime naive CD8 T cells. The second model suggests that CD154-expressing CD4 T cells activate CD40-bearing CD8 T cells directly. Although the requirement for CD40 in APC licensing can be bypassed by inflammatory responses to pathogens that activate APCs directly, the second model predicts that CD8 responses to all antigens will be dependent on CD40 signaling. Here we determined which model applies to CD8 responses to influenza. We demonstrate that optimal CD8 T cell responses to influenza are dependent on CD40 signaling, however both primary and secondary responses to influenza require CD40 expression on non–T cells. Furthermore, CD40−/− CD8 T cells proliferate and differentiate to the same extent as CD40+/+ CD8 T cells in response to influenza, as long as they have equal access to CD40+/+ APCs. Thus, CD4 T cells do not activate influenza-specific CD8 cells directly through CD40 signaling. Instead, these data support the classical model, in which CD4 T cells provide help to CD8 T cells indirectly by activating APCs through CD40.

The Mutated Region of Cytoplasmatic Nucleophosmine 1 (NPM1) Elicits Both CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 2569-2569
Author(s):  
Jochen Greiner ◽  
Yoko Ono ◽  
Susanne Hofmann ◽  
Vanessa Schneider ◽  
Anita Schmitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Granzyme B ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Hla Dr

Abstract Abstract 2569 Introduction In AML, mutations in the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene are one of the most frequent molecular alterations and predominantly occur in AML with normal cytogenetics. Patients with NPM1 mutation without FLT3-ITD mutation show a favourable prognosis of their disease. The functional role of mutated NPM1 for the improved clinical outcome is under evaluation. Immune responses might be involved in the clinical outcome of the disease. In this work, we demonstrate both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against the mutated region of NPM1. Methods The entire amino acid sequences of the NPM1 wild type protein as well as of the mutated cytoplasmic NPM1 types A, B, C and D were screened for HLA-A*0201 binding T cell epitopes using the algorithms of the SYFPEITHI, the Rankpep and the HLA-Bind software programs. Ten peptides with most favourable characteristics were subjected to ELISpot analysis for interferon-γ and granzyme B in 22 healthy volunteers and 27 AML patients to test specific T cell responses of CD8+ T cells. Tetramer assays against the two most interesting epitopes have been performed and chromium release assays have been used to show the cytotoxicity of peptide-specific T cells to lyse T2 cells and leukemic blasts. Moreover, HLA-DR binding epitopes were screened in algorithmic analysis and HLA-DR*0701 binding peptides were exploited to stimulate CD4+ T cells. In the presence of overlapping peptide stimulated CD4+ T cells, NPM1-A specific CD8+ T cells revealed augmented interferon-γ and granzyme B secretion and up-regulation of intracellular interferon-γ. CD4+, CD4-CD8+, CD4-CD8- cell fractions were separated from PBMCs of HLA-A2+DR*0701+ healthy volunteers using a combination of CD4 and CD8 MicroBeads. Results Two epitopes (P3 and P9) derived from the NPM1-mutated protein showed specific T cell responses in healthy volunteers and AML patients. In NPM1-mutated AML patients 33% showed immune responses of CD8+ T cells against peptide P3 and 42% against peptide P9. Specific lysis was detected in chromium release assays NPM1 peptide-primed effector T cells generated from NPM1-mutated AML patients. Tetramer assays showed peptide-specific T cells. To obtain a robust and effective immune response against tumor cells, the activation of CD4 + helper T cells is crucial. Thus NPM1-peptide-A overlapping MHC class II epitopes were searched by primary structure analysis program. Based on plenary search, eight favourable overlapping peptides OL 1–8 were synthesized and exploited for CD4+ T cell stimulation. In granzyme B ELISPOT assay, OL8 co-pulsed NPM1-A CD8+ T cells indicated notable S.I., in contrast other OL1-7 disabled to increase granzyme B secretion. To ensure that Th1 cytokine secretion, under the condition of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells mixed culture, was resulted from NPM1-A CD8+ T cells but not HLA-DR epitope stimulated CD4+ T cells activation, HLA-A2 blocking effect was confirmed in ELISPOT assay. NPM1-A CD8+ T cells co-pulsed with OL6, 7 and 8 showed lesser interferon-γ secretion after HLA-A2 blocking antibody exposure as 73, 35 and 57%. Of note, 83–94% of granzyme B secretion levels were reduced by HLA-A2 blockade administration, and by which NPM1-A CD8+ T cells seemed to be the most probable IFN-gamma and granzyme B producers and CD4+ T cells to interfere with CD8+ T cells. Conclusion Taken together, mutated NPM1 is a promising target structure for specific immunotherapies in AML patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals In CLL, Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Their Monocytic and Granulocytic Varieties Differ in T-Cell Subset Association and Polarization Induction

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 4350-4350
Author(s):  
Gerardo Ferrer ◽  
Brendan Franca ◽  
Pui Yan Chiu ◽  
Stefano Vergani ◽  
Andrea Nicola Mazzarello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Cd8 Cells

Abstract In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) monoclonal B cells expand and progressively accumulate in the bone marrow, eventually migrating to secondary lymphoid organs for even greater proliferation. At both sites, CLL cells engage in complex, incompletely defined cellular and molecular interactions involving multiple cell types such as T cells, myeloid cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and matrix, collectively referred to as the "tumor microenvironment". This microenvironment is critical for the survival and proliferation of CLL cells, and data indicate that T cells and myeloid cells have an important role in these processes. In this study, we focus on two cells types: CD4+ T lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In CLL patients, these populations are altered and impact on clinical outcome. CD4+ T cells comprise several subtypes, and CLL patients often have expanded Th2 and Tregs populations, consistent with the immunosuppressive status of these patients. Moreover, patients with higher numbers of another CD4+ subset, Th17 cells that produce IL-17 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, can have longer survival times. Although studied minimally in CLL, MDSCs are known suppressors of T cell proliferation in vitro, and expand along with malignant cells in several cancers. However, no information is available about their effects on CD4+ T cell differentiation or on B-cell biology in CLL. In a cohort of 56 untreated CLL patients, we first explored correlation of the numbers of MDSCs and autologous T cells, using flow cytometry. CD3+ cell numbers significantly paralleled total MDSCs and monocyte-like MDSCs (mMDSCs) (P = 0.002, Spearman r = 0.44; P = 0.004, Spearman r = 0.41, respectively). Interestingly, MDSCs correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells (P < 0.001, Spearman r = 0.646; P < 0.001, Spearman r = 0.61, respectively). However, the correlation of MDSC subpopulations with CD4+ and CD8+ cells differed: mMDSCs associated significantly with CD4+ cells (P < 0.001, Spearman r = 0.73) and granulocyte-like MDSCs (gMDSCs) with CD8+ cells (P= 0.008; Spearman r = 0.45). Furthermore, although gMDSCs did not correlate with the numbers of CD4+ T-cells, we observed that they positively paralleled Tregs defined as CD3+/CD4+/CD25+/CD127-/FoxP3+ cells (P = 0.020, Spearman r = 0.44). Other subpopulations are currently under study. To address the effect of MDSCs on CD4+ cell differentiation, we FACS sorted CD3+/CD45RO- naïve CD4+ lymphocytes and stimulated them in vitro with anti-CD3/CD28 beads and IL2 in the presence or absence of mMDSCs (HLA-DRlo/CD11b+/CD33+/CD14+), gMDSCs (HLA-DRlo/CD11b+/CD33+/CD15+) or monocytes (HLA-DRhi/CD11b+/CD14+); these studies involved samples from 3 CLLs and 3 healthy controls (HCs). On day 7, cells were harvested and cytokine production was quantified by intracellular flow cytometry as the percentages of the following populations: Th1 (INFγ), Th2 (IL-4), Tregs (FoxP3), Th17 (IL-17A and IL-17F), Th9 (IL-9) and Th22 (IL-22). Culturing CLL or HC T cells in the absence of MDSCs revealed a lower percentage of cytokine-producing cells (24% vs. 55%; P = 0.017) in CLL, which was mainly due to a reduction in IL-4+ cells (P = 0.066). However, when analyzing the effects of MDSC subsets on the polarization of CLL or HC T cell, gMDSCs promoted significantly more FoxP3+ and less IL-22+ cells in CLL than in HC (P = 0.025 and P = 0.048, respectively). When analyzing only CLL T cells, supplementation with mMDSCs induced a reduction in IL-22+ cells (P = 0.027) and an insignificant increase of IL-4+ and IL-17+ cells. Conversely monocytes supported an expansion of INFγ+ T-cells (P=0.066), and gMDSCS promoted an increase of IL-9+ cells (P = 0.046) and a reduction of FoxP3+ cells (P = 0.019). In summary, in CLL the absolute numbers of total MDSCs and T cells are tightly linked. There is a significant correlation between CD4+ T cells and mMDSCs, and between CD8+ T cells and gMDSCs. Additionally, in CLL naïve CD4+ differentiation appears reduced compared to HC, in concordance with lower T-cell responses previously reported. Moreover, the preliminary aspects of the study suggest that CLL mMDSCs promote an expansion of Th2, Th17 cells and a reduction of Th22 cells, and monocytes enhance Th1s. Unexpectedly, since we observed a significant positive correlation in the PBMCs, gMDSCs may reduce Tregs and augment Th9. These findings depict differential consequences of CLL T cell - MDSC / mMDSC / gMDSC interactions. Disclosures Stamatopoulos: Abbvie: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Other: Travel expenses, Research Funding.

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