scholarly journals THE KINETICS OF STARVATION

1924 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-286
Author(s):  
Norman C. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Homogeneous Systems ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Relative Weight Loss ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The relative weight loss of pigeons on starving rations may be represented by a simple modification of the law of autocatalysis. 2. An equation giving the actual weight of the animals during the 53 day period of the experiment is derived by means of the hypothesis that the process of inanition is governed by the simultaneous velocity relations between two independent, homogeneous systems, such that MT = (A0 → 0) + (B0 → BC) in which A is taken proportional to the amount of carbohydrate-fat reserves, and B proportional to the amount of reacting body protoplasm. 3. The course of starvation is governed by the rate of destruction of body protein, but it is modified by the amount and by the rate of destruction of reserve materials. 4. The processes of breaking down tissues are analogous to those by which tissues are synthesized. 5. The close agreement between observed and calculated values suggests that the original assumptions set forth in deriving the foregoing equations were valid. 6. Attention is called to the fact that the time of onset of beriberi in pigeons is coincident with the half period of starvation.

Influence of Sc Addition on the Corrosion Behavior of Medium Strength Al-Zn-Mg Alloy

2018 ◽  
Vol 913 ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Ming Li ◽  
Hai Chang Jiang ◽  
Yun Li Wang ◽  
Duo Zhang ◽  
De Sheng Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Exfoliation Corrosion ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Relative Weight Loss ◽  
Sc Addition

In this paper, the effect of Sc addition (0.06 wt%) on the corrosion behavior of medium strength Al-Zn-Mg alloy is investigated by mass loss measurements, electrochemical experiment, intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion tests. The results indicate the addition of Sc reduces the relative weight loss and enhances pitting performance as a result of grain refinement. The improved intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion resistance caused by minor Sc addition are mainly attributed to the delay in both the initiation and advance stages of local corrosion.

Diet-induced fasting ghrelin elevation reflects the recovery of insulin sensitivity and visceral adiposity regression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Tsaban ◽  
Anat Yaskolka Meir ◽  
Hila Zelicha ◽  
Ehud Rinott ◽  
Alon Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Relative Weight Loss ◽  
Similar Weight

Abstract Aims Lower fasting-ghrelin-levels (FGL) are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We aimed to explore the dynamics of FGL during weight-loss and its metabolic and adiposity-related manifestations beyond weight-loss. Methods A secondary analysis of a clinical trial where we randomized participants with abdominal-obesity/dyslipidemia to one of three diets: healthy-dietary-guidelines (HDG), Mediterranean diet (MED), or green-MED diet, all combined with physical activity (PA). Both MED diets were similarly hypocaloric and included 28g/day walnuts. The green-MED group further consumed green tea (3-4 cups/day) and a Wolffia-globosa (Mankai) plant green-shake. We measured FGL and quantified body fat depots by Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging at baseline and after 18-months. Results Among 294 participants [body-mass-index=31.3kg/m 2;FGL=504±208pg/mL; retention rate=89.8%], lower FGL were associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic parameters as higher visceral-adipose-tissue (VAT), intra-hepatic fat, leptin, and blood pressure (p<0.05 for all; multivariate models). ∆FGL18-month differed between men (+7.3+26.6%) and women (-9.2+21.3%,p=0.001). After 18-months of moderate and similar weight loss among the MED-groups, FGL increased by 1.3%, 5.4%, and 10.5% in HDG, MED, and green-MED groups, respectively (p=0.03 for green-MED vs. HDG), sex-stratified analysis revealed similar changes in men only. Among men, FGL18-month elevation was associated with favorable changes in insulin resistance profile and VAT regression, after adjusting for relative weight-loss (HbA1c:r=-0.216; homeostatic-model-of insulin-resistance:r=-0.154; HDL-c:r=0.147;VAT:r=-0.221;p<0.05 for all). , Insulin resistance and VAT remained inversely related with FGL elevation, beyond which was explained by weight-loss (residual regression analyses;p<0.05). Conclusions Diet-induced FGL elevation may reflect insulin sensitivity recovery and VAT regression beyond weight-loss, specifically among men. Green-MED diet is associated with greater FGL elevation.

The performance of early-weaned piglets following transport: Effect of season and weaning weight

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Wamnes ◽  
N. J. Lewis ◽  
R. J. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Minimum Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Relative Weight Loss ◽  
Transport Control

Two groups of 48 Cotswold piglets weaned at 17 ± 1 d of age were assigned to road or simulated transport during summer or winter. Following transport [Control (<20 min), 6 h, 12 h or 24 h], piglets were grouped by weaning weight (light, medium and heavy) in pens of four. Body weights were recorded on days 1–8, 10, 12 and 14. From an average weaning weight of 6.28 ± 0.09 kg, piglets lost on average 0.4 ± 0.1 kg. The minimum weight of 5.88 ± 0.1 kg was reached 2.24 ± 0.13 d post weaning and weaning weight was recovered at 3.55 ± 0.16 d post weaning. As transport duration increased from 6 to 24 h, total weight loss increased from 0.33 to 0.45 ± 0.022 kg (P < 0.01). Piglets transported by road in winter had a longer growth check (4.08 vs. 3.18 ± 0.18 d, P < 0.05) showed reduced percent ADG (5.37 vs. 6.61 ± 0.26%, P < 0.05) and lower feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (0.87 vs. 0.96 ± 0.01 kg, P < 0.01) than piglets transported by road in summer. Heavy piglets continued to lose weight longer than light piglets (2.26 vs.1.7 ± 0.16 d, P < 0.02), although relative weight loss was not affected. During winter piglets exposed to road transport required more time to recover their weaning weight than piglets exposed to simulated transport (4.08 vs. 3.04 ± 0.18 d, P < 0.05). While weaning is a confounding effect, these results suggest that longer transport (>12 h) and transport in winter may cause additional stress to early-weaned piglets. Some factors of road transport in winter, possibly driving differences or fluctuating temperatures also negatively affected piglet recovery from weaning. Key words: Early weaning, transport, pigs, season

scholarly journals 391 A Reference Curve for Relative Weight Loss for Breast-Fed Infants to Detect Hypernatraemic Dehydration

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Van Dommelen ◽  
J P Van Wouwe ◽  
J M Breuning-Boers ◽  
P H Verkerk
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Reference Curve ◽  
Relative Weight Loss ◽  
Breast Fed

scholarly journals Multilevel Evaluation of Rapid Weight Loss in Wrestling and Taekwondo

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Castor-Praga ◽  
Jeanette M. Lopez-Walle ◽  
Javier Sanchez-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Relative Weight Loss

The practice of strategies for rapid weight loss (RWL) involve diverse factors, such as individual expectations, social interactions, structural elements, etc., conforming to a “culture” of RWL, which must be evaluated and understood in a broad sense. Based on the need of a comprehensive evaluation of the use of RWL in practitioners of combat sports, an ad hoc questionnaire designed for this study, which includes the types and detailed descriptions of RWL strategies, that athletes currently use, the prevalence and frequency of use, the physiological and psychological consequences, the perception of the effect of RWL on their own performance and finally, the individuals who influence the adoption of this practice. One hundred and sixty combat athletes from wrestling and taekwondo disciplines, from Mexico, filled out this questionnaire. Data collected for their statistical analyses. Results revealed a RWL strategies prevalence of 96% across the participants. Our results revealed that 57% of those athletes using RWL lose more than 5% of their body mass. Across the athletes, the most commonly used RWL strategies and with higher intensity were increased exercise and training with plastic or thick clothes. The greater the relative weight loss, the greater the presence of physiological symptoms in athletes, such as rapid breathing and blood pressure. Athletes also mentioned mood states such as tiredness, sadness, confusion, fatigue and vigor, these last two positive and negative mood states are associated with the relative weight loss, respectively. Finally, the people who most influenced the adoption of RWL strategies were the coaches, parents and nutritionists. In conclusion, the questionnaire prepared for this study allowed us to obtain valuable information about the several factors, and their interactions, involved in the practice of RWL in combat athletes. This type of practice could increase health risks and decrease their performance. Therefore, here we state the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of RWL strategies that allows the development of psycho-educational and social-based interventions and programs for the promotion of proper weight maintenance, and prevention against RWL strategies, involving the individuals who influence the adoption of these practices and supporting it with the help of communication technologies.

scholarly journals MLTI-09. UNDERWEIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS ARE PREDICTORS OF POOR OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH BRAIN METASTASIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i16-i16
Author(s):  
Michael Weller ◽  
Anna Lareida ◽  
Robert Terziev ◽  
Bettina Grossenbacher ◽  
Nicolaus Andratschke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Relative Weight Loss

Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite increased risk of comorbidities, overweight may be associated with improved outcome in patients with metastatic cancer. Conversely, tumor cachexia has been identified as a negative predictor of outcome in patients with brain metastasis (BM) from lung cancer. Here we evaluate the association of abnormal body mass index (BMI) and weight change with outcome in patients with BM from different primary tumors. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of BM diagnosed and treated at the University Hospital Zurich (n=703) were assessed for associations of BMI, weight change, comorbidities and survival. RESULTS: Compared with patients with normal BMI of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 who experienced a median overall survival (OS) of 9 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.5–10.5), OS was inferior in patients with BMI&lt; 18.5 kg/m2 (OS 6 months, 95% CI 1.6–10.3, p=0.04), but superior in patients with BMI &gt;25 kg/m2 (OS 13 months, 95% CI 11.0–15.0; p=0.033). For patients with documented weight course (n=173 of 703), we report a median relative weight loss of 5% within the first 6 months of BM diagnosis (95% CI 3.3–6.5). Reduction above the median was associated with an unfavorable outcome in this subgroup (weight loss ≧5% 22.0 months, 95% CI 19.2–24.8; weight loss &lt; 5% 14.0 months, 95% CI 11.9–16.). CONCLUSIONS: Despite being associated with a worse cardiovascular risk profile, high BMI is associated with preferable and underweight with poor outcome in BM patients. Conversely, weight loss above median may be a predictor of poor outcome. Future studies need to address the question whether vigorous treatment of tumor cachexia, e.g. by specific nutrition management, might improve outcome of BM patients. In contrast, regimens that are associated with weight loss such as ketogenic diet may be detrimental.

scholarly journals THE KINETICS OF STARVATION

1925 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman C. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Body Protein ◽  
Prolonged Starvation ◽  
Suitable Transformation ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
The Law ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The loss of weight in pigeons subjected to prolonged starvation on water alone may be accurately represented by an appropriate form of the law of autocatakinesis. 2. This function, within proper limitations, gives a definite indication as to the nature and character of the fundamental reactions involved. In addition, it provides quantitative measures of the relative progress and importance of these reactions. 3. Analytically, the process of starvation consists of two nearly symmetrical cycles, corresponding chemically to the destruction of the carbohydrate-fat reserves and to the decomposition of body protein. 4. A suitable transformation overcoming certain difficulties inherent in the general form of the law is discussed and applied to the data reported.

Influence of Muscle Quality on the Relative Weight Loss and Palatability of Intact and Dissected Dry-Cured Hams

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Henning ◽  
W. G. Moody ◽  
James D. Kemp ◽  
J. D. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Relative Weight Loss

Case Study: Simulated and Real-Life Energy Expenditure During a 3-Week Expedition

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karsten Koehler ◽  
Frank Huelsemann ◽  
Markus de Marees ◽  
Bjoern Braunstein ◽  
Hans Braun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Real Life ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Actual Weight ◽  
Lower Trunk ◽  
Fat Reserves

During prolonged periods of high energy expenditure (EE), restricted food intake can lead to a loss of body mass. This case study describes the preexpedition support for an unsupported 3-wk crossing of the Atacama Desert in Chile. The goals were to simulate the energy requirements of walking under varying conditions and to predict energy intake and EE to evaluate whether the expected weight loss was in acceptable limits. The expeditionist (male, 35 yr, 197 cm, basal weight 80 ± 0.5 kg) was a well-trained endurance athlete with experience of multiple expeditions. During the simulation, he walked on a treadmill at speeds of 2–7 km/hr under varying conditions of inclination (0%, 7.5%), backpack weight (0 kg, 30 kg), and altitude (sea level, simulated altitude of 3,500 m). Under all conditions, the lowest EE was observed at 5 km/hr. Based on the simulation data, we predicted an average EE of 4,944 kcal/day for the expedition. Because energy intake was restricted to 2,249 kcal/day, we expected the expeditionist to lose considerable weight and consequently advised him to gain 5 kg of body-fat reserves. During the actual desert crossing, he covered a distance of 26 ± 7 km/day at an average speed of 3.8 ± 0.4 km/hr. Daily EE (4,817 ± 794 kcal/day) exceeded energy intake (1,771 ± 685 kcal/day), and the negative energy balance was in agreement with the actual weight loss of 10.5 kg, which was most notable in the lower trunk.

On the use of Ozawa/Flynn/Wall method to determine aging activation energy for elastomers

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432110203
Author(s):  
Sudhir Bafna
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Activation Energy ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Wall Method

It is often necessary to assess the effect of aging at room temperature over years/decades for hardware containing elastomeric components such as oring seals or shock isolators. In order to determine this effect, accelerated oven aging at elevated temperatures is pursued. When doing so, it is vital that the degradation mechanism still be representative of that prevalent at room temperature. This places an upper limit on the elevated oven temperature, which in turn, increases the dwell time in the oven. As a result, the oven dwell time can run into months, if not years, something that is not realistically feasible due to resource/schedule constraints in industry. Measuring activation energy (Ea) of elastomer aging by test methods such as tensile strength or elongation, compression set, modulus, oxygen consumption, etc. is expensive and time consuming. Use of kinetics of weight loss by ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA) using the Ozawa/Flynn/Wall method per ASTM E1641 is an attractive option (especially due to the availability of commercial instrumentation with software to make the required measurements and calculations) and is widely used. There is no fundamental scientific reason why the kinetics of weight loss at elevated temperatures should correlate to the kinetics of loss of mechanical properties over years/decades at room temperature. Ea obtained by high temperature weight loss is almost always significantly higher than that obtained by measurements of mechanical properties or oxygen consumption over extended periods at much lower temperatures. In this paper, data on five different elastomer types (butyl, nitrile, EPDM, polychloroprene and fluorocarbon) are presented to prove that point. Thus, use of Ea determined by weight loss by TGA tends to give unrealistically high values, which in turn, will lead to incorrectly high predictions of storage life at room temperature.

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