scholarly journals The Emerging Nosocomial PathogensCryptosporidium, Escherichia coli0157: H7,Helicobacter pylori, and Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Environmental Survival, Efficacy of Disinfection, and Control Measures

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Weber ◽  
William A. Rutala
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Contaminated Blood ◽  
And Control

AbstractNew and emerging infectious diseases pose a threat to public health and may be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks.Cryptosporidium parvumandEscherichia coliare gastrointestina pathogens that have caused nosocomial infections via person-to-person transmission, environmental contamination, or contaminated water or food.Helicobacter pylorihas been transmitted via inadequately disinfected endoscopes. Finally, hepatitis C may be acquired by healthcare personnel by percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to blood or between patients by use of contaminated blood products or via environmental contamination. Rigorous adherence to Standard Precautions, Contact Precautions for patients with infectious diarrhea, disinfection of environmental surfaces, and appropriate disinfection of endoscopes are adequate to prevent nosocomial acquisition of these pathogens.

scholarly journals Effects of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Coronavirus Survival on Surfaces

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 2712-2717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Casanova ◽  
Soyoung Jeon ◽  
William A. Rutala ◽  
David J. Weber ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Transmissible Gastroenteritis ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with SARS-CoV and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Two potential surrogates were evaluated in this study; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were used to determine effects of AT and RH on the survival of coronaviruses on stainless steel. At 4°C, infectious virus persisted for as long as 28 days, and the lowest level of inactivation occurred at 20% RH. Inactivation was more rapid at 20°C than at 4°C at all humidity levels; the viruses persisted for 5 to 28 days, and the slowest inactivation occurred at low RH. Both viruses were inactivated more rapidly at 40°C than at 20°C. The relationship between inactivation and RH was not monotonic, and there was greater survival or a greater protective effect at low RH (20%) and high RH (80%) than at moderate RH (50%). There was also evidence of an interaction between AT and RH. The results show that when high numbers of viruses are deposited, TGEV and MHV may survive for days on surfaces at ATs and RHs typical of indoor environments. TGEV and MHV could serve as conservative surrogates for modeling exposure, the risk of transmission, and control measures for pathogenic enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV and influenza virus, on health care surfaces.

scholarly journals The prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C infection in antenatal clinic attenders in two regions of England

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. BALOGUN ◽  
M. E. RAMSAY ◽  
J. V. PARRY ◽  
L. DONOVAN ◽  
N. J. ANDREWS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Serum Residues ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C infection in women attending antenatal clinics in two regions of England was investigated to inform future surveillance and control measures. Women booking into antenatal care are routinely offered a test for immunity to rubella. Serum residues from these tests were unlinked, anonymized and archived as part of the Unlinked Anonymous Prevalence Monitoring Programme (UAPMP). The serum specimens were tested for anti-HCV using a cost-effective pooling strategy. After taking into account differential sampling from the UAPMP serum archive, the adjusted overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 0·43% (95% CI: 0·32–0·53) in London and 0·21% (95% CI: 0·14–0·28) in the Northern and Yorkshire region. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplified HCV RNA identified type 3a as the most common HCV genotype in these antenatal women. The prevalence of anti-HCV in antenatal women in the UK is low and consistent with that expected from injecting drug use.

scholarly journals Knowing More of the Iceberg: How Detecting a Greater Proportion of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Carriers Influences Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (11) ◽  
pp. 1782-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M Bartsch ◽  
Kim F Wong ◽  
Owen J Stokes-Cawley ◽  
James A McKinnell ◽  
Chenghua Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Adult Inpatient ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Abstract Background Clinical testing detects a fraction of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) carriers. Detecting a greater proportion could lead to increased use of infection prevention and control measures but requires resources. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of detecting increasing proportions of CRE carriers. Methods We used our Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst–generated agent-based model of adult inpatient healthcare facilities in Orange County, California, to explore the impact that detecting greater proportions of carriers has on the spread of CRE. Results Detecting and placing 1 in 9 carriers on contact precautions increased the prevalence of CRE from 0% to 8.0% countywide over 10 years. Increasing the proportion of detected carriers from 1 in 9 up to 1 in 5 yielded linear reductions in transmission; at proportions >1 in 5, reductions were greater than linear. Transmission reductions did not occur for 1, 4, or 5 years, varying by facility type. With a contact precautions effectiveness of ≤70%, the detection level yielding nonlinear reductions remained unchanged; with an effectiveness of >80%, detecting only 1 in 5 carriers garnered large reductions in the number of new CRE carriers. Trends held when CRE was already present in the region. Conclusion Although detection of all carriers provided the most benefits for preventing new CRE carriers, if this is not feasible, it may be worthwhile to aim for detecting >1 in 5 carriers.

An agent-based model to simulate the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci according different prevention and control measures

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Deboscker ◽  
François Séverac ◽  
Jean Gaudart ◽  
Céline Ménard ◽  
Nicolas Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Standard Precautions ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective: Despite the existence of various levels of infection prevention and control (IPC) measures aimed at limiting the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitals, these measures are sometimes difficult to implement. Using an agent-based model (ABM), we simulated the transmission of VRE within and between 3 care units according to different IPC measures. Methods: The ABM was modelled on short-stay medical wards, represented by 2 conventional care units and 1 intensive care unit. The scenarios consisted of the simulation of various compliance rates of caregivers with regard to hand hygiene (HH) in different contexts of IPC measures: (1) standard precautions for all patients, (2) additional contact precautions for VRE-carrier patients, (3) geographical cohorting of carrier patients, and (4) creation of an isolation unit with dedicated staff. Results: With <50% HH compliance, the dissemination of VRE was not adequately controlled. With 80% compliance for all patients (ie, standard precautions scenario), there were no secondary VRE cases in 50% of the simulations, which represented the best scenario. A more realistic rate, 60% HH compliance for all patients, revealed interesting results. Implementing an isolation unit was effective only if the level of HH compliance was low. Patient cohorting was less effective. Conclusions: The present ABM showed that while contact precautions, geographic cohorting, and an isolation unit may represent good complements to standard precautions, they may theoretically not be necessary if HH is followed at a high level of compliance.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of hepatitis C in the Republic of Moldova: achievements and remaining challenges in prevention and control

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1162-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Guriev ◽  
Constantin Spinu ◽  
Octavian Sajen ◽  
Maria Isac ◽  
Igor Spinu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Viral Hepatitis C ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Control

Viral hepatitis, especially those with parenteral and sexual transmission, still remain a major problem of public health, both globally and for the Republic of Moldova, due to wide spreading, endemicity, increased morbidity and mortality and high rate of invalidity following the chronization of infection, but usually neglected by population and public health authorities. This paper describes the epidemiology and preventive and control measures of hepatitis C in Moldova. Epidemiological analysis of the surveillance data on hepatitis C incidence in the Republic of Moldova was conducted. The data were obtained from the national reporting system of infectious diseases and serosurvey studies. Epidemiological particularities of acute and chronic hepatitis C in general Moldovan population and specific risk groups were evaluated. National hepatitis policies for prevention and control were analyzed. Only consolidation of all the actions stipulated in the national and international normative documents on the prevention and control of hepatitis, will help to reduce the morbidity of viral hepatitis C and probably to eliminate the new cases of disease in some regions.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of a Tool for the Prediction of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Colonization Persistence—the PREVENT Score

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Boeing ◽  
Carlos L. Correa-Martinez ◽  
Franziska Schuler ◽  
Alexander Mellmann ◽  
André Karch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
And Control

Given the increasing relevance of VRE as nosocomial pathogens worldwide, infection prevention and control measures, including patient isolation and contact precautions, are indispensable to avoid their spread in the hospital setting. In this study, we developed and validated the PREVENT score, a tool for rapid risk assessment of VRE persistence in patients with a history of previous VRE colonization.

scholarly journals Preparing dental schools to refunction safely during the COVID-19 pandemic: an infection prevention and control perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Helena C Maltezou ◽  
Maria Tseroni ◽  
Rengina Vorou ◽  
Anastasia Koutsolioutsou ◽  
Maria Antoniadou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dental Schools ◽  
And Control

In late 2019 a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and spread throughout the world over a short period of time causing a pandemic of a respiratory disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is easily transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets and direct contact. The scarce available data indicate that dental healthcare personnel are at increased risk for acquisition of infection. Following the lockdown lifting, dental schools should be prepared to refunction safely and provide essential educational and healthcare services while protecting their students, patients, and personnel. The generation of aerosols in dental practice, in association with the high-transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 through aerosol-generation procedures, the simultaneous provision of dental services to patients in the same areas, and the fact that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected persons may transmit the virus, render the implementation of specific infection prevention and control measures imperative for dental schools. Herein we review the few evidence-based data available to guide infection prevention and control measures for COVID-19 in dental schools.

scholarly journals Nosocomial outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila surgical site infections after spinal surgery: Identification and control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiumei Xiao ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Xu Yang ◽  
Jiajia Zheng ◽  
Zhaoqing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Fish Tank ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Aeromonas hydrophila surgical site infections (SSIs) were diagnosed in April 2017 in four patients who had received spinal surgery. We launched an outbreak investigation to identify the source, and accordingly, preventive and control measures were implemented. Methods: Environmental samples and samples from the healthcare providers were collected for microbiological analysis. The clonal relatedness of A. hydrophila strains was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of one clinical A. hydrophila isolate (AE456) was performed using an Illumina NovaSeq PE150. Results: We identified eight case patients with SSIs due to A. hydrophila in orthopaedic ward 2 (three males; median age, 58 years). Strict infection control measures were adopted, particularly contact precautions and unit disinfection. We also identified A. hydrophila from water in a fish tank. PFGE and MLST revealed identical patterns and STs among the 10 clinical A. hydrophila strains (clone A, ST 517), which were different from those of the strains from the fish tank (clone B, ST518). WGS of isolate AE456 revealed the presence of cepS, cphA and blaOXA-12 genes encoding resistance to β-lactams. All patients recovered after antimicrobial therapy and/or surgical debridement. After removal of the fish tank, no new case occurred, and the outbreak was stopped.Conclusions: Aeromonas hydrophila is rare, but severe, pathogen in surgical infections and caused long hospital stay and physical suffering. Strict measures, including environmental disinfection and contact precautions, are needed to prevent infection outbreak after surgery.

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