Rates of Clostridium difficile Infection in Patients Discharged From Spanish Hospitals, 1997-2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 886-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Soler ◽  
Francisco Nogareda ◽  
Rosa Cano
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Hospital Discharges ◽  
Spanish Hospital ◽  
The Mean

We analyzed the Spanish hospital discharges registered from 1997 to 2005 with patient diagnoses of “intestinal infection due to Clostridium difficile.” The mean annual incidence rate was 41.2 diagnoses per 100,000 discharges. A significant increase was found from 1997 to 2005 (slope of the regression line [b], 5.12; P < .001). Overall rates were 2.5 times as high in the group of patients aged at least 65 years as in the group aged 45-64 years.

scholarly journals Variation in time and space of non–outbreak Legionnaires' disease in Scotland

1991 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Bhopal ◽  
R. J. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Geographic Variations ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe main aim of this study was to measure and explain geographic variations in the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in Scotland, particularly to help understand the source of non–outbreak infection.Between 1978 and 1986 the overall mean annual incidence rate was 7·9 per million (range 3·1–20·2), and for non–outbreak, non-travel cases it was 5·6. There were geographical variations by health board, by city and within cities, e.g. the mean annual incidence rate per million for non–travel, non–outbreak disease was 1·2 in Tayside Health Board, 3·7 in Lanarkshire, 5·6 in Lothian and 14·4 in Greater Glasgow. In Greater Glasgow Health Board non–travel cases lived in and around the city centre and in some postcode sectors there, the mean annual incidence rate exceeded 100. Travel–related cases lived in peripheral areas.These variations could not be explained by differences in access to and use of diagnostic services, surveillance, or host susceptibility (as reflected by socio–economic status and frequency of other respiratory disease). The explanation probably lay in environmental factors, though differences in agent virulence were not excluded.The two main conclusions are, that non–outbreak cases were not truly sporadic, and that the spacetime variations in incidence support the hypothesis that cooling towers were an important source of infection for not–nravel, non-outbreak cases. If so such infection is potentially preventable.

scholarly journals Subarachnoid hemorrhage after surgical treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms

2018 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 490-497
Author(s):  
Hidetoshi Matsukawa ◽  
Hiroyasu Kamiyama ◽  
Toshiyuki Tsuboi ◽  
Kosumo Noda ◽  
Nakao Ota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Excellent Outcome ◽  
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Average Annual Incidence

OBJECTIVEOnly a few previous studies have investigated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after surgical treatment in patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). Given the improvement in long-term outcomes of embolization, more extensive data are needed concerning the true rupture rates after microsurgery in order to provide reliable information for treatment decisions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative SAH in patients with surgically treated UIAs.METHODSData from 702 consecutive patients harboring 852 surgically treated UIAs were evaluated. Surgical treatments included neck clipping (complete or incomplete), coating/wrapping, trapping, proximal occlusion, and bypass surgery. Clippable UIAs were defined as UIAs treated by complete neck clipping. The annual incidence of postoperative SAH and risk factors for SAH were studied using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models.RESULTSThe patients’ median age was 64 years (interquartile range [IQR] 56–71 years). Of 852 UIAs, 767 were clippable and 85 were not. The mean duration of follow-up was 731 days (SD 380 days). During 1708 aneurysm years, there were 4 episodes of SAH, giving an overall average annual incidence rate of 0.23% (95% CI 0.12%–0.59%) and an average annual incidence rate of 0.065% (95% CI 0.0017%–0.37%) for clippable UIAs (1 episode of SAH, 1552 aneurysm-years). Basilar artery location (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 23, 95% CI 2.0–255, p = 0.0012) and unclippable UIA status (adjusted HR 15, 95% CI 1.1–215, p = 0.046) were significantly related to postoperative SAH. An excellent outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1) was achieved in 816 (95.7%) of 852 cases overall and in 748 (98%) of 767 clippable UIAs at 12 months.CONCLUSIONSIn this large case series, microsurgical treatment of UIAs was found to be safe and effective. Aneurysm location and unclippable morphologies were related to postoperative SAH in patients with surgically treated UIAs.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF SEASONAL MANIFESTATION OF BRUCELLOSIS INFECTION AMONG THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
K. M. Kurbonov ◽  
E. G. Simonova ◽  
N. N. Filatov
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this work was to study modern manifestations of seasonal brucellosis among the population of the Republic of Tajikistan. The materials and methods: of the study were the official statistics, as well as the results of previously performed studies on the risk assessment of the incidence in population. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of annual incidence rate for the period from 1997 to 2016 was conducted, depending on the most significant social and environmental risk factors. Results. The article shows the impact on the annual incidence rate of socio-economic transformations, including the privatization of collective livestock farms, accompanied by the massive movement of farm animals to private ownership, the loss of practice in animal breeding, and changes in environmental and climatic conditions. Against the background of the intensification of sheep breeding, there is a tendency in seasonality smoothing and shifting the maximum levels of population incidence of brucellosis to the spring season. Conclusion. The modern features of seasonal manifestation of brucellosis infection in the Republic of Tajikistan make it necessary to apply a differentiated approach to planning and conducting preventive measures in various areas of the country.

scholarly journals Community outbreak of hepatitis A in southern Italy – Campania, January-May 2004

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Boccia
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Endemic Disease

Campania, a region in southern Italy, is one of the 20 political regions in Italy. Hepatitis A (HAV) is an endemic disease here, with an annual incidence rate often twice as high as the total rate for the rest of Italy

scholarly journals The inverse relationship between national food security and annual cholera incidence: a 30-country analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e001755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Richterman ◽  
Andrew S Azman ◽  
Georgery Constant ◽  
Louise C Ivers
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
National Level ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Food Security

IntroductionIndividual and household-level evidence suggests a relationship between food insecurity and cholera risk. The relationship between national food security and the size of cholera outbreaks is unknown.MethodsWe analysed the relationship between national food security and annual cholera incidence rate from 2012 to 2015 across 30 countries. We used components of the Global Food Security Index (GFSI) as measures of food security. We included countries with available GFSI reporting cases of cholera during the study period, excluding high-income countries. We developed multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial models with annual cholera incidence rate as the outcome, GFSI components as the exposure of interest, fixed effects for country and year, and time-varying effects related to water, sanitation, and hygiene, oral cholera vaccine deployment, healthcare expenditure, conflict and extreme weather.ResultsThe 30 countries reported 550 106 total cases of cholera from 2012 to 2015, with a median annual incidence rate of 3.1 cases per 100 000 people (IQR 0.3–9.9). We found independent inverse relationships between cholera and Overall GFSI (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.57, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.78), GFSI-Availability (IRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.95) and GFSI-Affordability (IRR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.92).ConclusionsWe identified a strong inverse relationship between national food security and annual incidence rate of cholera. In the context of prior evidence at the individual and household levels, this suggests that there is a linkage between food insecurity and cholera at the national level that should be further considered in assessing cholera risk in vulnerable regions and in designing cholera control interventions.

scholarly journals Clostridium difficile Infection Epidemiology over a Period of 8 Years—A Single Centre Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Negrut ◽  
Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppento ◽  
Shamim Ahmad Khan ◽  
Carmen Pantis ◽  
Teodor Andrei Maghiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Common Infectious Disease ◽  
Single Centre Study ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
The Mean ◽  
North Western ◽  
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhoea

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common infectious disease related to antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and is a current leading cause of morbidity/mortality, with substantial consequences for healthcare services and overall public health. Thus, we performed a retrospective epidemiological study of CDI for a long period (8 years), in an infectious hospital located in north-western Romania, which serves an entire county of the country (617,827 inhabitants). From 2011 to 2018, 877 patients were diagnosed with CDI; the mean incidence of this disease was 2.76 cases/10,000 patient-days, with an increasing trend in the annual incidence until 2016, at which point there was a decrease. The most commonly afflicted were patients in the 75–84 age group, observed in winter and spring. The results show that the antibiotics were administered in 679 (77.42%) subjects, within the last 3 months before CDI, statistically significant more than proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)—128 (14.60%) and antidepressant medications—60 (6.84%), which were administered during the same period (p < 0.001). No medication was reported in 10 (6.84%) cases of CDI, in the last 3 months of the study. The fatality rate attained 4.1%, tripling in 2018 vs. 2011. CDI became a significant public health conundrum that can, nevertheless, be combatted through a judicious use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Ten-year trends in the incidence, treatment and outcomes of patients with mitral stenosis in Korea

Heart ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 746-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Youn Kim ◽  
Sung-Hwan Kim ◽  
Jun Pyo Myong ◽  
Young Choi ◽  
You Mi Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Mitral Stenosis ◽  
Anticoagulation Therapy ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Vitamin K Antagonist ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate ◽  
Systemic Embolism ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Changing Patterns

ObjectiveMitral stenosis increases the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke. Large data underlying the trend in incidence, treatment and outcomes of mitral stenosis are lacking.MethodsBased on the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database in Republic of Korea, patients who were diagnosed with mitral stenosis between 2007 and 2016 were enrolled. Trends in the incidence rate and changing patterns of treatment and outcome for stroke and systemic embolism and intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) were analysed.ResultsA total of 42 075 patients (mean age 60.7±13.5 years, 13 303 (31.6%) male) were included in the present study. The number included 27 824 (66.1%) patients with mitral stenosis and comorbid AF. The age-standardised annual incidence rate per 100 000 of mitral stenosis in Korea decreased remarkably from 10.3 to 3.6 over 10 years. The use of anticoagulation therapy increased consistently. The annual incidence of stroke and systemic embolism showed signs of plateau, while the incidence of ICH increased.ConclusionsThe overall incidence rate of mitral stenosis in Korean population has decreased remarkably. As increasing the use of vitamin K antagonist, the annual incidence rate of ICH was increased but the rate of stroke incidence reached a plateau. Alternative effective anticoagulation strategy should be investigated.

Atrial Fibrillation and Mitral Regurgitation: Clinical Performance of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in a Real-World Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-569
Author(s):  
Enrico Melillo ◽  
Anna Rago ◽  
Riccardo Proietti ◽  
Emilio Attena ◽  
Maddalena Carrella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Real World ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Direct Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and is frequently present in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR). Currently, there is a lack of real-world evidence specifically addressing the clinical performance of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with AF and concomitant MR. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety profile of DOACs therapy in patients with AF and MR. Methods: Data for this study were sourced from the Atrial Fibrillation Research Database in the Department of Cardiology at Monaldi Hospital. The database was queried for AF patients with MR who were prescribed DOACs therapy. The primary safety outcome was defined as the annual incidence rate of major bleeding events and the primary effectiveness outcome as the annual incidence rate of all events classified as ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and systemic embolisms. Results: Consecutive AF patients with concomitant mild to severe MR who received DOACs therapy (n = 259) were included. Patients were dichotomized in 2 groups according to MR severity: a mild-to-moderate group (MR 1-2+; n = 151) and a moderate-to-severe group (MR 3-4+; n = 108). The incidence rate of major bleedings was significantly higher in MR 3-4+ group (3.92%) compared with the MR 1-2+ group (1.18%; hazard ratio [HR]: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4-7.3; P = .0059). The incidence rate of thromboembolic events between MR 3-4+ group (0.66%) and MR 1-2+ group (0.62%) was not significantly different (HR: 0.75; P = .823). Conclusions: In the present study, there was no difference in the efficacy profile of DOACs between AF patients with mild-to-moderate and moderate-to-severe MR. Considering the increased bleeding risk, a close and careful follow-up should be warranted for patients with moderate-to-severe MR.

scholarly journals Human toxocariasis: incidence among residents in the outskirts of Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Anaruma Filho ◽  
Pedro Paulo Chieffi ◽  
Carlos Roberto S. Correa ◽  
Eide Dias Camargo ◽  
Edilene P. Real da Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Annual Incidence Rate

With the aim of estimating the incidence of infection by Toxocara among residents in the outskirts of Campinas (State of São Paulo, Brazil) two serological surveys, using ELISA anti-Toxocara tests, were performed in January 1999 and January 2000, involving, respectively, 138 and 115 individuals, 75 of which examined in both occasions. Among this group 67 individuals did not show the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in 1999, and 12 presented seroconversion in the second survey, revealing an annual incidence rate of 17.9%.

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