The Impact of Transferable Fishing Quotas on Cost, Price, and Season Length

2021 ◽  
pp. 000-000
Author(s):  
Ruth B. M. Pincinato ◽  
Frank Asche ◽  
Andreea L. Cojocaru ◽  
Yaqin Liu ◽  
Kristin H. Roll
Keyword(s):  
Cost Price ◽  
Season Length ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Distinct microalgae species for food—part 1: a methodological (top-down) approach for the life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation in tubular photobioreactors

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 2977-2995 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schade ◽  
T. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Microalgae Cultivation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Tubular Photobioreactor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tubular Photobioreactors

Abstract Specific microalgae species are an adequate source of EPA and DHA and are able to provide a complete protein, which makes them highly interesting for human nutrition. However, microalgae cultivation has also been described to be energy intensive and environmentally unfavorable in pilot-scale reactors. Moreover, production in cold temperature zones has not been sufficiently investigated. In particular, the effects of tube materials and cultivation season length have rarely been previously investigated in the context of a comparative LCA of microalgae cultivation. A computational “top-down” model was conducted to calculate input flows for Nannochloropsis sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivation in a hypothetical tubular photobioreactor. Cultivation processes were calculated according to detailed satellite climatic data for the chosen location in Central Germany. This model was applied to a set of different scenarios, including variations in photobioreactor material, tube diameter, microalgae species, and cultivation season length. Based on these data, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed following ISO standard 14040/44. The impact assessment comprised the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, cumulative energy demand, and water scarcity. The results showed that a long cultivation season in spring and fall was always preferable in terms of environmental impacts, although productivity decreased significantly due to the climatic preconditions. Acrylic glass as a tube material had higher environmental impacts than all other scenarios. The cultivation of an alternative microalgae species showed only marginal differences in the environmental impacts compared with the baseline scenario. Critical processes in all scenarios included the usage of hydrogen peroxide for the cleaning of the tubes, nitrogen fertilizer, and electricity for mixing, centrifugation, and drying. Microalgae cultivation in a tubular photobioreactor in a “cold-weather” climate for food is sustainable and could possibly be a complement to nutrients from other food groups. The added value of this study lies in the detailed description of a complex and flexible microalgae cultivation model. The new model introduced in this study can be applied to numerous other scenarios to evaluate photoautotrophic microalgae cultivation in tubular photobioreactors. Thus, it is possible to vary the facility location, seasons, scale, tube dimensions and material, microalgae species, nutrient inputs, and flow velocity. Moreover, single processes can easily be complemented or exchanged to further adjust the model individually, if, for instance, another downstream pathway is required.

scholarly journals Contrasting responses of woody and herbaceous vegetation to altered rainfall characteristics in the Sahel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Verbruggen ◽  
Guy Schurgers ◽  
Stéphanie Horion ◽  
Jonas Ardö ◽  
Paulo Negri Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Dryland ecosystems form a major land cover, accounting for about 40 % of Earth's terrestrial surface and net primary productivity, and housing more than 30 % of the human population. These ecosystems are subject to climate extremes (e.g. large-scale droughts) that are projected to increase in frequency and severity under most future climate scenarios. In this modelling study we assessed the impact of single years of extreme (high or low) rainfall on dryland vegetation in the Sahel. The magnitude and legacy of these impacts were quantified on both the plant functional type and the ecosystem levels. In order to understand the signature of the rainy season characteristics, these rainfall anomalies were driven by changing either rainfall intensity, event frequency or season length. The Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator (LPJ-GUESS) dynamic vegetation model was parameterized to represent dryland plant functional types (PFTs) and was validated against fluxtower measurements across the Sahel. Different scenarios of extreme rainfall were derived from existing Sahel rainfall products such that meteorological consistency was maintained, and applied during a single year of the model simulation timeline. Herbaceous vegetation responded immediately to the different scenarios, while woody vegetation had a weaker and slower response, integrating precipitation changes over a longer timeframe. An increased season length had a larger impact than increased intensity or frequency, while impacts of decreased rainfall scenarios were strong and independent of the season characteristics. Soil control on surface water balance explains these contrasts between the scenarios. Semi-arid ecosystems are known to play a dominant role in the trend and variability of the terrestrial CO2 sink. We showed that single extremely dry and wet years can have strong and long-term impact on the productivity of drylands ecosystems, shedding new light on potential drivers and mechanisms behind this variability.

scholarly journals Assessment of Rainfall Distributions and Characteristics in Coastal Provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta under Climate Change and ENSO Processes

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1555
Author(s):  
Vinh Hoa Dang ◽  
Dung Duc Tran ◽  
Dao Dinh Cham ◽  
Phan Thi Thanh Hang ◽  
Hung Thanh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
East Sea ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

Rainwater is considered a promising alternative water source for coastal areas where freshwater resources are increasingly under pressure. This study evaluates rain regime characteristics that influence the ability to exploit rainwater in the coastal provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). In particular, it considers the impact of climate change and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) processes. We analyzed rainfall data from 102 monitoring stations across the VMD from 1989 to 2017. Using statistical methods, we explored (1) characteristics of the rainy season, including the dates of onset and cessation and season length; (2) average rainfall volumes; and (3) the maximum number of consecutive nonrainy days during the rainy season and over the year. We also analyzed changes in these characteristics over time, in parallel with ENSO processes and climate change. Trend lines were determined using nonparametric methods, utilizing Sen’s slope estimation and the Mann–Kendall test. Results showed a tendency for the rainy season to start earlier and end later in the western coastal zone of the study area, with season length gradually decreasing towards the East Sea and inland. The shortest rainy season was found in the estuary zone (in the northeast of the VMD). Rainfall was abundant on the west coast, again diminishing gradually towards the East Sea and inland. Rain was also quite plentiful during four dry season observation months in the study area, but it lacked the predictability needed for effective exploitation. The number of consecutive days without rain averaged 96 annually, with a difference of 29 days between the largest and smallest observations. The difference between the provinces with the longest and shortest periods without rain averaged 41 days. Although the impact of climate change on the rain regime is complex, we can say that the rainy season now tends to start earlier, end later, and be lengthier, though without exhibiting clear trends. ENSO processes significantly impacted rainfall regime characteristics, especially the dates of onset and cessation, and season length.

scholarly journals Underestimated effects of low temperature during early growing season on carbon sequestration of a subtropical coniferous plantation

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1667-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.-J. Zhang ◽  
H.-M. Wang ◽  
F.-T. Yang ◽  
Y.-H. Yi ◽  
X.-F. Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Eddy Flux ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Coniferous Plantation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of air temperature in early growing season on the carbon sequestration of a subtropical coniferous plantation was discussed through analyzing the eddy flux observations at Qianyanzhou (QYZ) site in southern China from 2003 to 2008. This site experienced two cold early growing seasons (with temperature anomalies of 2–5 °C) in 2005 and 2008, and a severe summer drought in 2003. Results indicated that the low air temperature from January to March was the major factor controlling the inter-annual variations in net carbon uptake at this site, rather than the previously thought summer drought. The accumulative air temperature from January to February showed high correlation (R2=0.970, p<0.001) with the annual net ecosystem production (NEP). This was due to the controls of early-month temperature on the plant phenology developing and the growing season length at this subtropical site. The cold spring greatly shortened the growing season length and therefore reduced the carbon uptake period. The eddy flux observations showed a carbon loss of 4.04 g C m−2 per growing-season day at this coniferous forest site. On the other hand, the summer drought also reduced the net carbon uptake strength because the photosynthesis was more sensitive to water deficit stress than the ecosystem respiration. However, the impact of summer drought occurred within a relatively shorter period and the carbon sequestration went back to the normal level once the drought was relieved.

Predictions of future grazing season length for European dairy, beef and sheep farms based on regression with bioclimatic variables

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PHELAN ◽  
E. R. MORGAN ◽  
H. ROSE ◽  
J. GRANT ◽  
P. O'KIELY
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Season Length ◽  
The West ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
North East ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYGrazing season length (GSL) on grassland farms with ruminant production systems can influence farm economics, livestock disease transmission, environmental impact, milk and meat quality, and consumer choice. Bioclimatic variables are biologically meaningful climate variables that may enable predictions of the impact of future climate change on GSL on European farms. The present study investigated the spatial relationship between current GSL (months) measured by EUROSTAT on dairy, beef and sheep farms in 706, 774 and 878 regions, respectively, and bioclimatic variables. A stepwise multiple regression model revealed a highly significant association between observed GSL and bioclimatic variables across Europe. Mean GSL was positively associated with the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and isothermality, and negatively associated with precipitation in the wettest month. Extrapolating these relationships to future climate change scenarios, most European countries were predicted to have a net increase in GSL with the increase being largest (up to 2·5 months) in the north-east of Europe. However, there were also predictions of increased variability between regions and decreases in GSL of up to 1·5 months in some areas such as the west of France, the south-west of Norway and the west coast of Britain. The study quantified and mapped the potential impact of climate change on GSL for dairy, beef and sheep farms across Europe.

USING THE METHOD OF SUCCESSIVE CONCESSIONS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING COST PRICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Dovha ◽  
◽  
Hryhorii Tsehelyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Cost Price ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
Numerical Function ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Maximum Price ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The processes of optimization of the production plan according to certain criteria were investigated. One of the problems is the difficulty of coordination and taking into account the impact of criteria on the optimal production plan. In practice, every company often faces tasks that require decisions that are quite complex and significantly affect the result. The choice of the best solutions is usually made by using a single numerical function - the criterion of optimality. The best solution is one that provides the maximum (or minimum) of the selected criterion. For the most part, the quality of decisions is characterized not by one but by many incomparable criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to make decisions based not on one but on many criteria. That is why the investigation and implementation of multicriteria models is an important stage in the development of modern science. The current rate of change in production is very high. To meet new needs and maintain the competitiveness each enterprise, firm, company must be able to make fast and correct decisions. Properly formed production program allows companies to meet the needs of consumers in products that are produced with the best use of resources, and get the maximum profit. Quite often there is a need to use mathematical methods to study this problem. The results obtained by solving a mathematical problem will make it possible to make optimal recommendations for certain actions. The main purpose of the company is usually to make a profit. One of the factors on which profit depends is the cost price. In view of this, an optimization model of the problem of increasing the cost price was proposed. The maximum price of manufactured products and the minimum costs for production was taken as criteria. At the same time it is impossible to ensure the maximum price and minimum production costs. Therefore, the solution was achieved by step-by-step solution of the proposed mathematical model of optimization of the production plan using the idea of the method of successive concessions, which would provide a certain price at low cost. An example shows an algorithm for solving this problem.

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