The Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunch as the Potential Source of Biomass in Furfural Production in Indonesia: Preliminary Process Design and Environmental Perspective

Vitamin E is essential in the human body which naturally found in vegetable fats and oil and their derived products. Several palm-based oils obtained from palm oil mills and refineries were revised in this paper as the raw material for vitamin E. Tocopherols and tocotrienols isomers of the vitamin E content are found nearly comparable with crude palm oil. To obtain the tocopherols and tocotrienols, various developed technologies for the extraction were also reviewed. These include the solvent-based extraction, chemical modification, adsorption, enzymatic process, molecular distillation, microwave-assisted extraction and membrane technology. Each of the technologies has the advantages as well as limitations. Therefore, process design and selection for the chosen technology are crucial in order to determine recovery of vitamin E obtained, time efficiency, cost effectiveness, safety of products and environmentally friendly impacts. A green technology approach could be further diversified and manifested for sustainable process of vitamin E.

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Experimental process design for sorption capacity of Kogi and Ibusa clay activated with HNO3 and H2SO4 acids in palm oil bleaching

International Journal of Experimental Design and Process Optimisation ◽

10.1504/ijedpo.2014.064244 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Chigozie Francolins Uzoh ◽

Okey D. Onukwuli ◽

Joseph Tagbo Nwabanne ◽

Philo P.K. Igbokwe

Keyword(s):

Sorption Capacity ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Process Design ◽

Experimental Process

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Process Design of Hybrid Extraction and Distillation Processes through a Systematic Solvent Selection for Furfural Production

Energy Procedia ◽

10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.467 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 105 ◽

pp. 1084-1089 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Le Cao Nhien ◽

Nguyen Van Duc Long ◽

Moonyong Lee

Keyword(s):

Process Design ◽

Solvent Selection ◽

Selection For ◽

Furfural Production

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Evaluation of Separate and Simultaneous Kinetic Parameters for Levulinic Acid and Furfural Production from Pretreated Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches

International Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1155/2018/1920180 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Misri Gozan ◽

Jabosar Ronggur Hamonangan Panjaitan ◽

Dewi Tristantini ◽

Rizal Alamsyah ◽

Young Je Yoo

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Kinetic Model ◽

Kinetic Parameters ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Kinetic Models ◽

Levulinic Acid ◽

Acidic Solution ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Furfural Production

Palm oil empty fruit bunches (POEFBs) can be converted into levulinic acid (LA) and furfural, which are among the top building-block chemicals. The purpose of this study was to investigate separate and simultaneous kinetic model parameters for LA and furfural production from POEFBs, which were pretreated by soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA). The highest LA yield, which was obtained at a reaction temperature of 170°C after 90 min in an acidic solution with a concentration of 1 M, was 52.1 mol%. The highest furfural yield was 27.94 mol%, which was obtained at a reaction temperature of 170°C after 20 min in an acidic solution with a concentration of 0.5 M. SAA pretreatment affected activation energy in glucose degradation reactions and favoured direct conversion of hemicellulose to furfural. The activation energy of LA production (EakHMF) increases with higher acid catalyst concentration, and the activation energy of furfural production (EakXYN) decreases with higher acid concentration. These trends in the activation energy occurred in both separate and simultaneous kinetic models. Simultaneous kinetic model is better to calculate kinetic parameters of LA and furfural production than separate kinetic models because the simultaneous kinetic model had a lower sum of square error (SSE) when estimating kinetic parameters.

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Penghematan konsumsi katalis dalam proses hidrolisis tandan kosong sawit untuk produksi furfural

Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia ◽

10.5614/jtki.2005.4.3.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 279

Author(s):

Diyah Fadjarwaty ◽

Herri Susanto

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

The Third ◽

Fourth Cycle ◽

Bottom Product ◽

Furfural Production

One of possible utilizations of abundant agricultural solid waste such as palm oil empty fruit bunches is the conversion furfural via acid hydrolysis and followed by azeotrope distillation. With the aim to reduce the consumption of H2SO4 in the furfural production from oil palm empty fruit bunches, acid hydrolysis was accomplished using the spent acid left as the bottom product of distillation during furfural recovery. The use of spent acid could reduce the need of H2SO4 from 42 at the first cycle to 17 mL/kg at the second cycle, while the need of H2SO4 in the third cycle was 29 mL/kg. Furfural yields in these cycles were up to 16.8, 16.1 and 10.7 g/kg respectively. The use of spent acid at the fourth cycle was not effective anymore. Keywords: Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, Furfural, Acid Hydrolysis AbstrakSalah satu pemanfaatan biomassa limbah padat pertanian dan perkebunan adalah produksi furfural melalui proses hidrolisis dan distilasi azeotrop. Hidrolisis TKS (tandan kosong sawit) dilaksanakan dalam suasana asam yang umumnya dengan H2SO4 sebagai katalis. Pada operasi distilasi pengambilan furfural, H2SO4 bekas hidrolisis tertinggal bersama air sebagai produk bawah. Untuk mengurangi konsumsi H2SO4 dalam hidrolisis, produk bawah distilasi ini terbukti dapat digunakan sebagai cairan hidrolisis berulang sampai 3 kali. Pada hidrolisis dengan cairan segar, kebutuhan H2SO4 (98% teknis) adalah 42 mL/kg bahan baku. Tetapi pada hidrolisis dengan produk bawah ulangan pertama, kebutuhan H2SO4 tambahan untuk menyesuaikan pH cairan pemasak hanya 17 mL/kg TKS kering. Pada hidrolisis dengan produk bawah ulangan kedua, kebutuhan H2SO4 29 mL/kg. Perolehan furfural dari ketiga ulangan hidrolisis berturut-turut adalah 16,8; 16,1 dan 10,7 g/kg. Penggunaan produk bawah distilasi untuk hidrolisis ulangan keempat memberi hasil yang kurang memuaskan.Kata Kunci: TKS, Furfural, Hidrolisis Asam

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How SIMS microscopy can be used in medicine

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100132649 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1602-1603

Author(s):

Philippe Fragu

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Biological Applications ◽

The Past ◽

Potential Source ◽

Secondary Ion ◽

Chemical Integrity ◽

Scientific Endeavour

The identification, localization and quantification of intracellular chemical elements is an area of scientific endeavour which has not ceased to develop over the past 30 years. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) microscopy is widely used for elemental localization problems in geochemistry, metallurgy and electronics. Although the first commercial instruments were available in 1968, biological applications have been gradual as investigators have systematically examined the potential source of artefacts inherent in the method and sought to develop strategies for the analysis of soft biological material with a lateral resolution equivalent to that of the light microscope. In 1992, the prospects offered by this technique are even more encouraging as prototypes of new ion probes appear capable of achieving the ultimate goal, namely the quantitative analysis of micron and submicron regions. The purpose of this review is to underline the requirements for biomedical applications of SIMS microscopy.Sample preparation methodology should preserve both the structural and the chemical integrity of the tissue.

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