scholarly journals Evaluation the Safety and Security Procedures used In X-ray Clinics in Al-Harthiya-Baghdad

2021 ◽  
Vol 2114 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
Thuraya A. Abdul Hussian ◽  
Anwar kh. Farman
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Beta Particles ◽  
Medical Clinics ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Health Laws ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Α Particles ◽  
Security Procedures

Abstract Radiation is a form of energy, its emitted either in the form of particles such as α-particles and β-particles (beta particles including the electron and the positron) or waves such as sunlight, X-rays and γ-rays. Radiation found everywhere around us and it comes from many different sources naturally or man-made sources. In this study a questionnaire was distributed to people working in the field of X-rays that used for a medical imaging (X-ray and CT-scan) to evaluate the extent of awareness and knowledge in estimate the damage of ionizing radiation as a result of wrong use. The questionnaire was distributed to medical clinics in Al-Harithiya in Baghdad, which it’s considered as one of the important areas in Iraq to attract and treat patients. It’s found that most of the commitment of radiography clinics by safety and security procedures. Most of the radiology clinics abide by most of the Iraqi Ministry of Health laws. However, some clinics did not implement some of the security and safety conditions

scholarly journals The effect of low LET (Linear Energy Transfer) ionizing radiation to catalase activity of wistar’s submandibular gland

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Nevy T. Putri ◽  
Sarianoferni Sarianoferni ◽  
Endah Wahjuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Linear Energy Transfer ◽  
Submandibular Salivary Gland ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bonferroni Test

Intraoral periapical radiograph examination is the additional examination which is the most widely used in Dentistry. This radiograph examination using an x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET (Linear Energy Transfer), and may affect submandibular salivary gland. Ionizing radiation exposure can cause damage by inducing a series of changes at the molecular and cellular level. This study aimed to prove the effects of x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET towards the catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. The subjects were 28 male Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups (n=7). Three groups were exposed 4, 8 and 14 times to radiation with 0.002 µSv for each exposure. The catalase activity of each rat was examined by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed the average of catalase activity on Wistar rat’s submandibular gland, respectively for: 0.150±0.0895 (KK), 0.1405±0.0607 (K1), 0.1228±0.0290 (K2), 0.1227±0.0556 (K3). Data showed significant differences of catalase activity between test groups, but showed not significant differences of catalase activity between each groups of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. In this study concluded decreased catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland resulting from x-rays ionizing radiation by 4 times, 8 times and 14 times exposures.

scholarly journals Patient Knowledge Regarding Radiation Exposure from Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Imaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0015
Author(s):  
Daniel Bohl ◽  
Blaine Manning ◽  
George Holmes ◽  
Simon Lee ◽  
Johnny Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Plain Film ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
X Ray

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Foot and ankle surgeons routinely prescribe diagnostic imaging that exposes patients to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study is to characterize patients’ knowledge regarding radiation exposure associated with common forms of foot and ankle imaging. Methods: A survey was administered to all new patients prior to their first foot and ankle clinic appointments. Patients were asked to compare the amount of harmful radiation associated with chest x-rays to that associated with various types of foot and ankle imaging. Results were tabulated and compared to actual values of radiation exposure from the published literature. Results: A total of 890 patients were invited to participate, of whom 791 (88.9%) completed the survey. The majority of patients believed that a foot x-ray, an ankle x-ray, a “low dose” CT scan of the foot and ankle (alluding to cone-beam CT), and a traditional CT scan of the foot and ankle all contain similar amounts of harmful ionizing radiation to a chest x-ray (Table 1). This is in contrast to the published literature, which suggests that foot x-rays, ankle x-rays, cone beam CT scans of the foot and ankle, and traditional CT scans of the foot and ankle expose patients to 0.006, 0.006, 0.127, and 0.833 chest x-rays worth of radiation. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that patients greatly over-estimate the amount of harmful ionizing radiation associated with plain film and cone-beam CT scans of the foot and ankle. Interestingly, their estimates of radiation associated with traditional CT scans of the foot and ankle were relatively accurate. Results suggest that patients may benefit from increased counseling by surgeons regarding the relatively low risk of radiation exposure associated with plain film and cone-beam CT imaging of the foot and ankle.

scholarly journals Pair Production in AGN

1989 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 194-196
Author(s):  
C. Done ◽  
A. C. Fabian
Keyword(s):  
Pair Production ◽  
Compton Scattering ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Small Region ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Radiant Power

The X-ray luminosity and variability of many AGN are sufficiently extreme that any hard γ-rays produced in the source will collide with the X-rays and create electron-positron pairs, rather than escape. A small region where vast amounts of energy are produced, such as an AGN, is an ideal place to accelerate particles to relativistic energies and so produce γ-rays by Compton scattering. The observed X-ray spectra of AGN are hard and indicate that most of the luminosity is at the highest energies so that absorption of the γ-rays represents a large fraction of the energy flux, which can then be re-radiated at lower energies. Pairs can thus effectively reprocess much of the radiant power in an AGN.

INVESTIGATION OF HORMETIC STIMULATION IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS USING IONIZING RADIATION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. SHEPPARD ◽  
C. L. GIBB ◽  
J. L. HAWKINS ◽  
W. R. REMPHREY
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Hormesis is the stimulation of growth by very low levels of inhibitors or stressors. This phenomenon may be useful in crops where the usual cultural factors have been optimized. The literature indicates that substantial stimulation of early growth of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) could be achieved by exposing transplants to low doses of ionizing radiation. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness and reliability of X rays as a hormetic agent. Plants of a day-neutral cultivar Hecker and of a June-bearing cultivar Glooscap were irradiated at 0.5–16 Gy and planted in pots. The plants were grown outdoors and growth was recorded each week. Significant stimulation above the controls in the number of trifoliate leaves occurred in the day-neutral cultivar. This effect persisted until the first phase of fruiting. No significant stimulatory effects were observed at any time in the June-bearing cultivar. Two field trials with a June-bearing cultivar Redcoat, irradiated at doses of 0.5 and 2 Gy, also revealed no significant stimulation. The dominant factor regulating early growth was the size of the individual transplants. Therefore, although hormetic stimulation may occur, it will be difficult to quantify and optimize and it will not likely be useful for practical application.Key words: X ray, transplant, day-neutral, June-bearing

DISCOVERY OF STRONGLY ENHANCED LOW ENERGY ALPHA DECAY OF A LONG-LIVED ISOMERIC STATE OBTAINED IN 16O + 197Au REACTION AT 80 MeV, PROBABLY TO SUPERDEFORMED BAND

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MARINOV ◽  
S. GELBERG ◽  
D. KOLB
Keyword(s):  
Isomeric State ◽  
Alpha Decay ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Superdeformed Band ◽  
Calculated Probability ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Bombarding Energy ◽  
Α Particles ◽  
Superdeformed Nucleus

The reaction 16 O + 197 Au has been studied at a bombarding energy of 80 MeV. A group of 5.20 MeV α particles with a half-life of about 90 m has been found in coincidence with characteristic X-rays of At and with γ-rays. The γ-ray energies fit predicted energies for superdeformed band. The data are interpreted as due to formation of a long-lived isomeric state which decays by low energy α-particles to SD band. The calculated probability for decay via a barrier of a superdeformed nucleus was found to be consistent with the experimental results.

scholarly journals Experiments to test whether the secondary γ-rays are polarised

1909 ◽  
Vol 83 (559) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accelerated Motion ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Considerable Body

When an electron is given an accelerated motion along a straight line, a spherical pulse of electric and magnetic force is sent out, and the maximum force lies in a plane at right angles to the direction of acceleration. The want of symmetry in the distribution of the force with respect to the direction of acceleration of the electron gave rise to the term polarisation. Barkla has shown that the primary X-rays from an X-ray tube are partially polarised, that is to say, that the maximum radiation proceeds in a plane at right angles to the direction of propagation of the cathode rays. If the secondary X-rays are produced by electrons set in motion by the primary pulses we should expect that, under certain conditions, the secondary rays would also be polarised. This has also been shown to be the case by Barkla. Since there is a considerable body of evidence to show that X-rays and γ -rays are similar in kind, it was thought by the writer that it would be of importance to make some experiments in order to discover whether secondary γ -rays are polarised.

scholarly journals Can Smartphones Measure Radiation Exposures?

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Y. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Calibration Factor ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Public ◽  
Standard Detector

Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, is potentially harmful to humans. Ionizing radiation can be detected by radiation detectors, which are not easily available to the public. Thus, the feasibility of using smartphones to detect and measure X-ray exposures was investigated in this work. Two sets of experiments were conducted using an Apple iPhone 4 smartphone. For one experiment, the smartphone was used as an X-ray source, while the second experiment tested the use of the iPhone as an exposure meter. Using the iPhone 4, it was found that when videos were taken during X-ray exposures, white tracks appeared in the videos, which indicated a radiation absorption event. By counting the total number of tracks in the videos (using image processing software), X-ray exposures could be determined using a calibration factor obtained from the first set of experiments. It was found that the calibration factor was strongly dependent on the video settings, but weakly dependent on the incident angle of X-rays on the phone as long as the incident angle was within ±45 degrees from the normal incidence. It was observed that, as an exposure meter, the iPhone 4 was ±20% accurate compared to a standard detector used by hospitals. The results of this work suggest that it is feasible to use an iPhone 4 to measure radiation exposures.Les rayonnements ionisants comme les rayons X, peuvent être nuisible sans être sensiblement distingués par des humains. La faisabilité de l’utilisation des smartphones qui peuvent détecter des rayons X, et ce, en mesurant l’exposition à de tels rayons faisait l’objet de cet étude. Deux séries d’expériences ont été fait avec un iPhone4. Une série portait sur le calibrage de l’iPhone avec une source de rayon X. L’autre série portait sur l’utilisation de l’iPhone comme dispositif de photométrie. L’expérience a révélé que lors de la prise de vidéo pendant une exposition aux rayons X, des brillantes traces blanches se sont apparues dans les vidéos dont chacune a indiqué un événement d’absorption de radiation. En comptant le nombre total de traces dans les vidéos (utilisant un logiciel de traitement d’image), des expositions radiographiques pourraient être déterminées en utilisant un facteur de calibrage obtenu de la première série d’expériences. Les paramètres de vidéo ont eu une importante influence sur le facteur de calibrage, tandis que l’influence de l’angle d’incident de radiographies au téléphone leur signifiait moins tant que l’angle d’incident était d’environ ±45 degrés de l’incidence normale. L’iPhone comme dispositif de photométrie révélait être d’environ ±20 % précis par rapport à un détecteur standard utilisé dans des hôpitaux.

Patient Knowledge Regarding Radiation Exposure From Foot and Ankle Imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine T. Manning ◽  
Daniel D. Bohl ◽  
Alexander J. P. Idarraga ◽  
George B. Holmes ◽  
Simon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Results

Foot and ankle surgeons routinely prescribe diagnostic imaging that exposes patients to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. It is unclear how well patients understand the radiation to which they are exposed. In this study, 946 consecutive new patients were surveyed regarding medical imaging and radiation exposure prior to their first appointment. Respondents compared the amount of radiation associated with chest X-rays (CXRs) with various types of foot and ankle imaging. Results were compared with actual values of radiation exposure from the published literature. Of 946 patients surveyed, 841 (88.9%) participated. Most had private insurance (82.8%) and a bachelor’s degree or higher (60.6%). Most believed that foot X-ray, ankle X-ray, “low dose” foot and ankle computed tomography (CT) scan (alluding to cone-beam CT), and traditional foot and ankle CT scan contain similar amounts of ionizing radiation to CXR. This contradicts the published literature that suggests that the actual exposure to patients is 0.006, 0.006, 0.127, and 0.833 CXR equivalents of radiation, respectively. Of patients who had undergone an X-ray, 55.9% thought about the issue of radiation prior to the study, whereas 46.1% of those undergoing a CT scan considered radiation prior to the exam. Similarly, 35.2% and 27.6% reported their doctor having discussed radiation with them prior to obtaining an X-ray and CT scan, respectively. Patients greatly overestimate the radiation exposure associated with plain film X-rays and cone-beam CT scans of the foot and ankle, and may benefit from increased counseling regarding the relatively low radiation exposure associated with these imaging modalities. Level of Evidence: Level III: Prospective questionnaire

In Vivo X-Ray Fluorescence of Lead and Other Toxic Trace Elements

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Chettle
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lead ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fluorescence Measurements ◽  
Bone Lead ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
Source Excitation

Abstract The first in vivo x-ray fluorescence measurements of lead in bone used y-rays from a 57Co source to excite Pb K x-rays. Later systems used γ-rays from 109Cd to excite Pb K x-rays or polarized x-rays to excite Pb L x-rays. All three approaches involve an extremely low effective dose to the subject. Of the two K x-ray techniques, 109Cd is more precise and more flexible in choice of measurement site. Pb L x-ray fluorescence (L-XRF) effectively samples lead at bone surfaces, whereas Pb K x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) samples through the bulk of a bone. Both the polarized L-XRF and 109Cd K-XRF achieve similar precision. Renal mercury has recently been determined using a polarized x-ray source. Both renal and hepatic cadmium can be measured using polarized x-rays in conjunction with a Si(Li) detector. Platinum and gold have been measured both by radioisotopic source excitation and by using polarized x-rays, but the latter is to be preferred. Applications of Pb K-XRF have shown that measured bone lead relates strongly to cumulative lead exposure. Secondly, biological half lives of lead in different bone types have been estimated from limited longitudinal data sets and from some cross sectional surveys. Thirdly, the effect of hone lead as an endogenous source of lead has been demonstrated and it has been shown that a majority of circulating blood lead can be mobilized from bone, rather than deriving from new exposure, in some retired lead workers.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Reduce X-ray Irradiation-Induced Damage to the Immune Cells by Upregulation of Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1464-1469
Author(s):  
Shaoyan Si ◽  
Lindong Li ◽  
Zongye Wang ◽  
Yingying Wu ◽  
Gaixian Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray

Ionizing radiation cause serious damage to humans by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Immune system is one of the most sensitive system to ionizing radiation. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles are strong ROS scavengers. In this research we observed that whether CeO2 nanoparticles could improve immune function of X-rays irradiated mice and their antioxidant potential. The whole body of mice were once exposed to 4 Gy X-ray and treated with 5 nm CeO2 nanoparticles. Then, immune cells distribution in peripheral blood (PB), spleen T cells proliferation, spleen and thymus indexes, the concentration of Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were analyzed. The results showed that CeO2 nanoparticles could inprove immune cells distribution in PB and increase spleen T cells proliferation, thymus and spleen indexes, concentration of GSH-Px and activity of SOD in irradiated mice. The results suggest that CeO2 nanoparticles can improve immune function by inducing the production of GSH-Px and SOD in X-ray irradiated mice.

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