Assessment of the volume of harvested wood in accordance with the vital state of wood species

Abstract During selective felling on the territory of 3.9 ha, 181 m3 of wood, 35% of which is dead wood. Among them, pine (16 m3), spruce (27 m3), birch (8 m3) and aspen (12 m3) were found. The volume of cut viable wood was 118 m3, including 50 m3 of pine, 44 m3 of spruce, 14m 3 of birch and 10 m3 of aspen. The values obtained do not exceed the forest declaration data. To determine the stumps from dead coniferous trees, the following criteria were tested: complete or partial absence of bark, the presence of traces of the vital activity of insect pests and abundance worm dust. Species-specific criteria are proposed: in pine – the presence of rot of the peripheral part of the wood, brown color of sapwood and bast; spruce – the presence of heart rot and wood destroying fungi. In deciduous species, the main criterion for isolating stumps from dead trees has been tested – the presence of wood-destroying fungi, in aspen – heart rot caused by tinder fungi. We recommend using these criteria to resolve legal claims against forest users in the removal and assessment of harvested wood.

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Verantwortlichkeit bei waldtypischen Gefahren: Beispiele aus der Gerichtspraxis

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2016.0082 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 167 (2) ◽

pp. 82-89

Author(s):

Michael Bütler

Keyword(s):

Dead Wood ◽

Personal Responsibility ◽

Forest Policy ◽

Legal Practice ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Legal Case ◽

Legal Situation ◽

Forest Users ◽

The One ◽

Liability Risks

Responsibility for forest-linked dangers: examples from legal practice According to the Forest Policy 2020 of the Federal Council the share of old and dead wood should increase in Swiss forests. On the one hand, this is connected to positive ecological effects but on the other, to dangers, responsibilities and liability risks. Recent court and administrative decisions relating to accidents due to typical forest hazards such as falling trees and branches illustrate the legal situation for forest owners and enterprises as well as for forestry professionals. In the wooded environment near buildings and equipment there are obligations for the safety of traffic and passers-by. However, these obligations are limited by the reasonableness of protective measures and the personal responsibility of forest users. In this paper, the liability issue is illustrated by three legal case studies. The cases are assessed by the author, and the essential legal basis for liability is briefly summarized.

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How Dead Wood in the Forest Decreases Relaxation? The Effects of Viewing of Dead Wood in the Forest Environment on Psychological Responses of Young Adults

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12070871 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 871

Author(s):

Emilia Janeczko ◽

Ernest Bielinis ◽

Ulfah Tiarasari ◽

Małgorzata Woźnicka ◽

Wojciech Kędziora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Short Exposure ◽

Managed Forests ◽

Environment Impact ◽

Forest Environment ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Before And After ◽

Positive Feelings ◽

The Impact

The intensity of the neutral environment impact on humans may be determined by specific features of space, including dead wood occurrence. Dead wood is claimed to be disliked by the public because it reduces the scenic beauty and recreational values of the forest. The attractiveness of a forest with dead wood may be determined by its variants. Much is known about the preference for landscape with dead wood, but there is little information available about how such a landscape affects a person’s mental relaxation, improves mood, increases positive feelings, levels of vitality, etc. Hence, the aim of our research was to investigate the psycho-logical relaxing effects of short 15-min exposures to natural and managed forests with dead wood. In the study, three areas within the Białowieża Primeval Forest were used to measure the impact of different types of forest with dead wood (A: forest reserve with dead wood subject to natural decomposition processes; B: managed forest with visible cut wood and stumps; C: man-aged forest with dead trees from bark beetle outbreak standing) on human psychological relaxation in a randomized experiment. The participants of the experiment were forty-one young adults aged 19–20. Each respondent experienced each type of forest at intervals visiting it. Four psychological questionnaires were used in the project (Profile of Mood States (POMS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), and Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS)) before and after the short exposure to the forest were evaluated. The results show that a forest landscape with dead wood affects the human psyche, and the relaxing properties of such a landscape are better in a protected forest with natural, slow processes of tree dieback than those obtained in managed forests

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Resources of dead wood in the municipal forests in Warsaw

Forest Research Papers ◽

10.1515/frp-2015-0031 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 322-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Konrad Skwarek ◽

Szymon Bijak

Keyword(s):

National Parks ◽

Coarse Woody Debris ◽

Forest Ecosystems ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Forest Site ◽

Natural Forests ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Standing Dead ◽

High Degree

Abstract Dead wood plays an important role for the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and influences their proper development. This study assessed the amount of coarse woody debris in municipal forests in Warsaw (central Poland). Based on the forest site type, dominant tree species and age class, we stratified all complexes of the Warsaw urban forests in order to allocate 55 sample plots. For these plots, we determined the volume of dead wood including standing dead trees, coarse woody debris and broken branches as well as uprooted trees. We calculated the amount of dead wood in the distinguished site-species-age layers and for individual complexes. The volume of dead matter in municipal forests in Warsaw amounted to 38,761 m3, i.e. 13.7 m3/ha. The obtained results correspond to the current regulations concerning the amount of dead organic matter to be left in forests. Only in the Las Bielański complex (northern Warsaw) volume of dead wood is comparable to the level observed in Polish national parks or nature reserves, which is still far lower than the values found for natural forests. In general, municipal forests in Warsaw stand out positively in terms of dead wood quantity and a high degree of variation in the forms and dimensions of dead wood.

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13-Tetradecenyl acetate, a female-produced sex pheromone component of the economically important click beetle Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-52199-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Livy Williams ◽

Jacqueline M. Serrano ◽

Paul J. Johnson ◽

Jocelyn G. Millar

Keyword(s):

Sex Attractant ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Behavioral Studies ◽

Click Beetle ◽

Tetradecenyl Acetate ◽

Plastic Bag ◽

Single Compound ◽

Species Specific ◽

Dose Dependent

Abstract Species-specific behavior-modifying chemicals have been used for more than 50 years for monitoring and management of insect pests of agriculture and human health. Elaterid beetle larvae are among insect pests in soil that are increasingly problematic, in part due to the lack of effective management strategies. However, little is known about the insect-produced chemicals that mediate the reproductive behavior of these pests. We used chemical and behavioral studies to identify, synthesize, and field test the sex attractant pheromone of adults of Melanotus communis, commonly called the corn wireworm, the larvae of which are economically important pests of U.S. crops. Our results indicated that a single female-produced chemical, 13-tetradecenyl acetate, was strongly attractive to conspecific male beetles, and did not appear to attract other species. In field evaluations, male M. communis exhibited a dose-dependent response to this compound. In a trial comparing different slow-release dispensers, a small rubber septum impregnated with the chemical was as effective as and easier to use than a plastic bag dispenser. Given that the sex attractant of this insect consists of a single compound that can be readily synthesized, its development for monitoring and management of the corn wireworm may be economically feasible.

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Standing or downed dead trees — does it matter for saproxylic beetles in temperate oak-rich forest?

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x07-096 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (12) ◽

pp. 2494-2507 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Niklas Franc

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Quercus Petraea ◽

Saproxylic Beetles ◽

Substrate Preferences ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Standing Dead ◽

High Conservation ◽

Secondary Wood ◽

Wood Boring

For conservation of forest biodiversity, dead wood in the form of logs, snags, or cut high stumps is sometimes left or created when forests are harvested. In Scandinavia, such dead wood usually comes from conifers. For forests in temperate regions, few studies have analysed composition and species richness of beetles using dead wood of oaks ( Quercus spp). In this study in southern Sweden, I examined the occurrence of saproxylic beetles trapped at lying (logs) and standing (snags) dead wood of European oaks ( Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) in 13 oak-rich mixed forests of relatively high conservation value. The assemblage of beetles differed strikingly between the lying and standing dead wood. Traps on lying dead wood, compared to traps on standing dead wood, had more fungivores and fewer primary and secondary wood boring species. Of 94 species tested for individual substrate preferences, 48 showed prevalence for different trap/substrate types. Absolute species richness was significantly higher on logs than snags, but a smaller proportion of the snag substrate or snag beetles may have been sampled. For red-listed beetles, no differences in their species richness were detected among substrates. These results suggest that logs of dead oaks are valuable and that both snags and logs of oak should be retained and, if needed, created in forestry, such that they are continuously available in stands.

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The dead forest on Trindade Island was not monospecific, says the wood

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20170183 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 114-S3

Author(s):

Luciana Witovisk ◽

Ruy J.V. Alves ◽

Alessandra R. Guimarães ◽

Nilber G. da Silva

Keyword(s):

Radiocarbon Dating ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Additional Species ◽

Wood Colour ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Trindade Island ◽

The Dead ◽

The 1960S

The first reports of a dead forest on Trindade Island are from the 18th century. Since then, the tentative identifications of the trees with red wood included Caesalpinia, Acacia, Rapanea, Pisonia, Eugenia and Colubrina, the latter having been confirmed by three independent wood anatomists familiar with Brazilian woods. In the 1960s Johann Becker was the last to sample a live Colubrina glandulosa Perkins var. reitzii on Trindade, which was presumed to be a remnant of the extinct forest. Based on this information, along with the eradication of feral goats from the island in 2005, thousands of C. glandulosa seedlings were reintroduced to Trindade. These trees, which grew well at first, are now collectively dying, less than two decades after planting. Their wood colour is much lighter than that of the dead trees, raising doubts about the latter’s correct identification. Herein we report the first detailed descriptions of two wood types from the extinct forest of Trindade, confirming the presence of C. glandulosa and reporting the presence of Paratecoma peroba (Bignoniaceae), a novel occurrence for the island. Radiocarbon dating of a dead C. glandulosa tree confirms that it belongs to the forest which died three centuries ago. The preserved wood proves that the extinct forest was not monospecific and suggests that further sampling of the remaining dead wood may enhance the floristic knowledge of the forest which once covered most of the island with additional species.

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Infochemicals: An effective and environment friendly management of insect pests for sustainable agriculture

International Journal of Agricultural Invention ◽

10.46492/ijai/2016.1.2.17 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (02) ◽

pp. 218-224

Author(s):

Joni Kumar

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Chemical Substance ◽

Host Finding ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Trail Marking ◽

Species Specific ◽

Transfer Of Information ◽

And Behavior

Chemical signals and cues have been collectively called semiochemicals or infochemicals referring to “a chemical substance, which in a natural context, is implicated in the transfer of information from one individual to other that results certain behavioral and physiological changes in response in one or both. Infochemicals that mediate interactions between members of the same species are collectively referred to as pheromones, and can be classified as sex pheromone, aggregation pheromone, alarm pheromone, trail marking pheromone on the basis of their functions etc. Allelochemicals are also infochemicals which cause an insect to respond interspecifically. They include a more number of chemicals than pheromones, and can be grouped into: allomones, kairomones, apneumones and synomones. The idea of infochemicals using for management of insect pests in agricultural, horticultural, forestry and storage has been a driving ambition through few decades of pheromone research. Several chemicals have been identified from insects that can be used in monitoring of native and invasive pest and also to protect the plants against herbivores. They can also be used as mass trapping, annihilation, and behavior manipulation of insect in host finding. Since these compounds are species specific, highly biodegradable and require in minute quantity, they could be exploited as green alternative to insecticides for ecofriendly management of insect pest for sustaining agriculture growth.

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The Effects of a Western Spruce Budworm Outbreak on the Dead Wood Component in Relation to Ownership in Forests of Eastern Oregon

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/25.4.176 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 176-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

David Azuma

Keyword(s):

Coarse Woody Debris ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Spruce Budworm ◽

Western Spruce Budworm ◽

Wood Component ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Standing Dead ◽

Standing Dead Trees ◽

The Dead

Abstract Forest Inventory and Analysis data were used to investigate the effects of a severe western spruce budworm outbreak on the dead wood component of forests in 11 counties of eastern Oregon for two time periods. The ownership and the level of damage (as assessed by aerial surveys) affected the resulting down woody material and standing dead trees. The pattern of coarse woody debris with respect to ownership and management intensity remained consistent into the next 10-year period. Harvesting tended to lower the amount of coarse woody debris on private forests. Federally managed forests had more standing dead trees than private lands, with more in the reserved than nonreserved areas. There was a reduction in the number of standing dead trees between the two periods.

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The importance of coarse woody debris in dynamic phases exposure in the beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands of Hyrcanian forests

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/56/2019-jfs ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 408-422

Author(s):

Vahid Etemad ◽

Mohsen Javanmiri pour ◽

Zeinab Foladi

Keyword(s):

Coarse Woody Debris ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Woody Debris ◽

Average Frequency ◽

Permanent Plots ◽

Evolutionary Stage ◽

Gap Formation ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Natural Stands

In a natural forest, phases of different dynamics are gradually replaced to create sustainability in the stands. Coarse woody debris is among the most significant structural elements of natural stands that perform an influential position in the identification of dynamic phases. Therefore, the focus of this study is on dead wood conditioning as one of the major structural components in determining the various dynamic phases in the northern forests of Iran as part of the temperate forests. For this study, compartment 326 of Gorazbon District was considered as one of the control parcels of Kheyroud Forest. In this parcel, 25 one-hectare sample plots were selected as permanent plots for a long-term forest structure and succession studies. The coarse woody debris by 100% sampling method was measured. The results showed that there are 8 main phases in this area (gap formation, understorey initiation, stem exclusion, volume accumulation, volume degradation, multiple, lighting, old-growth). The extensive forest area (52%) is located in the understorey initiation and stem exclusion phases. The results also showed that the total average volume of snags and logs was 41.5 m3·ha–1. Furthermore, the mean dead wood volume in decay classes 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 10.33, 12.22, 9.15 and 83.9 m3·ha–1, respectively. The average frequency of dead trees in the diameter classes smaller than 25 cm, 25–50 cm and in the diameter class more than 50 cm is 25.79, 6.93, and 4.88. The significance analysis results obtained by ANOVA test showed that there is a significant difference between volume, snag and log stock and the shape of dead wood in various dynamic phases. Therefore, in general, dead wood in the forest differs according to habitat, evolutionary stage (dynamic phases), standing volume and species diversity of the tree species.

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Wie viel Totholz braucht der Wald? | Dead wood in managed forests: how much is enough?

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2004.0031 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 155 (2) ◽

pp. 31-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Rita Bütler ◽

Rodolphe Schlaepfer

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Dead Wood ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Habitat Preferences ◽

Bird Species ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Bioenergetic Model ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Standing Dead ◽

Standing Dead Trees

Dead wood is of paramount importance for forest biodiversity. For this reason it was adopted as an indicator for sustainable forest management by the Ministerial Conference on the protection of forests in Europe. This paper aims to answer the question of how much dead wood is necessary for the maintenance of biodiversity in sub-alpine spruce forest ecosystems. For this purpose we studied the habitat preferences of the three-toed woodpecker, a bird species that depends heavily on dead trees. Previous ecological studies had already demonstrated that this woodpecker is an indicator of spruce forests with a high degree of naturalness and biodiversity. Our field study in Swiss sub-Alpine spruce and Swedish boreal forests showed that, below a threshold level of about 20 m3 standing dead trees per ha, the probability of finding these woodpeckers drastically decreases. Similar results were obtained using a bioenergetic model, which calculated the energy requirements of this insectivorous woodpecker. Based on the results, our recommendation is to ensure a scattering of dead-wood rich areas in forest landscapes. Each area should cover about one square kilometre and have a mean of 5% of standing dead trees (≥ 18 m3 ha–1), and a total of approx. 9% of dead wood(≥ 33 m3 ha–1 standing and fallen).

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