scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Lightning Analysis Over North Sulawesi in 2019 - 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 893 (1) ◽  
pp. 012009
Author(s):  
A A Azani ◽  
D A Pratama ◽  
N Kusumawardani ◽  
I Rusmala ◽  
D Septiadi
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
Meteorological Condition ◽  
Lightning Activity ◽  
Land Area ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
High Surface Temperature ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Sea Area

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal lightning distribution in North Sulawesi. The general meteorological condition of North Sulawesi has also been considered to identify the cause of the lightning occurrence. Lightning activity over North Sulawesi has been investigated using lightning data from Winangun Geophysical Station during 2019-2020. The result shows that in the land area of North Sulawesi, the highest lightning density occurred in the Tomohon regions due to its topographical features. Overall, the flash density over the land area is higher than the sea area due to its high atmospheric instability. The maximum flash density does not occur during the wet periods, but it occurs during September - October – November, which has a high surface temperature over this region. It is also known that shearline and low-pressure areas contribute to the high lightning occurrence in October 2019, while La Nina in the Pacific Ocean influences lightning activity in July 2020

scholarly journals The state of mental health in the Philippines

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udgardo Juan L. Tolentino
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

The Philippines, known as the Pearl of the Orient, is an archipelago of 7107 islands, bounded on the west by the South China Sea, on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Sulu and Celebes Sea, and on the north by the Bashi Channel. The northernmost islands are about 240 km south of Taiwan and the southernmost islands approximately 24 km from Borneo. The country has a total land area of some 300 000 km2. It is divided into three geographical areas: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. It has 17 regions, 79 provinces, 115 cities, 1495 municipalities and 41 956 barangays (the smallest geographic and political unit). It has over 100 ethnic groups and a myriad of foreign influences (including Malay, Chinese, Spanish and American).

scholarly journals Some Main Causes of Marine Pollution in Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Tri Tran ◽  
Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Sea Transport ◽  
Port Development ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Marine Product ◽  
Sea Area

Vietnam is a coastal country located in the central region of Southeast Asia, Vietnam has a sea area connecting the important sea transport route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, especially the East Vietnam Sea are oil and container shipping routes from other countries to Japan, South Korea and China, which are consuming huge amounts of energy. Vietnam is in a position to have a potential for marine economic development such as shipbuilding, sea transport, port development, and waterworks, marine product exploitation, marine and oil and gas resource exploitation, marine tourism and islands, sea services, and other related industries. With such a potential position, the exploitation of the sea and the protection of the marine environment is an extremely important issue.

Evaluation of Wave Energy in the Pacific Ocean for Baja California State in Mexico

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Tapia Olivas ◽  
René Delgado Rendón ◽  
Emilio Hernández Martínez ◽  
Felipe Noh Pat ◽  
Eric Efrén Villanueva Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

According to the World Energy Council (WEC) the estimated energy of the wave power in the world is in the range of 8,000 to 80,000 TWh/year to depths of 100 meters or higher and actually the utilization of wave energy resource it is possible because it has been implemented in countries like Australia, Indonesia, Nigeria, United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal and Colombia evaluating different types of marine technologies that take the advantage of the kinetic energy in the ocean waves. Mexico according to the National Institute of Statistics and Information (INEGI) has a land area of 1,972,550 km2 of which has a coastline of 11,150 km having potential for the use of their coasts. Baja California with a land area of 71,445 km2 (3.6% of the country) is located on a peninsula in northwest Mexico and has 720 km of coastline on the Pacific Ocean (6.4% nationally) with a range of depths of 25.6 m to 650 m at a distance of the coastline of 15 km, which makes it suitable to evaluate the use of wave energy at local sites. With the completion of this work will contribute to the characterization of the sites that will present the best technical and economic conditions for its implementation, considering the physical characteristics of the site as well as connection points on the transmission lines operated by the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE). For the preparation of this study was carried out in three stages: a) Site Selection, b) Evaluation of Wave Energy and c) Economic evaluation of sites using RETScreen. Based on the characteristics of the coast of Baja California the results obtained are the following: 1) 18 sites were selected with a sea depth averaged of 50 m, the annual density power was 7.5 kW/m, this represents a potential of 210 MW considering an average length of 2 km in each site, 2) The economic evaluation of this type of project was for a period of 30 years in RETScreen, considers an annual inflation rate of 5% and obtains an investment cost of 9,538 US $/kW for this type of generation. We conclude that this source of energy will reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to the generation of electricity in the state of Baja California diversifying the energetic matrix state by the use of clean and renewable sources, which represents an investment opportunity between the public and private sector.

The Wairarapa region

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
J. Falloon
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Wai'ra'rapa - The place Maori called "Land of Glistening Waters". Wairarapa is a region of big skies, wide valleys rolling hill country and rugged coastline. It has a total land area of 8423 square kilometres. The region is named after Lake Wairarapa, which situated at the bottom of the Wairarapa Plain, North of Palliser Bay. Wairarapa is located on the South Eastern Corner of the North Island bounded by the Pacific Ocean in the East, Tararua district in the North and the Tararua Ranges in the west.

The Administration of Japan's Pacific Mandate

1931 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1044
Author(s):  
Harlow J. Heneman
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
World War ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
South Of Japan

The territory under Japanese mandate comprises the former German colonial possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying north of the equator. This region is made up of three main groups of islands, the Marshall, the Mariana, and the Caroline, having a total estimated land area of approximately 800 square miles. Included in these groups are more than 1,400 islets, reefs, and atolls stretching across the Pacific from 130 longitude east to 175 longitude east, and from the equator to 22 latitude north. Lying west of Hawaii, east of the Philippines, and south of Japan, many of these islands are near the steamship lanes running from the Hawaiian Islands to Guam and to the Philippines.A recent census shows that there are more than 60,000 inhabitants in the territory under Japanese mandate, about four-fifths being natives. More than 12,000 Japanese have gone to the islands, as well as a few Europeans and Americans. The Japanese, for the most part, are engaged in agricultural or commercial pursuits or are government officials, while the Occidental population is made up mostly of missionaries. Racially, it is believed that the natives come within the Micronesian or Polynesian classification, although in many instances the racial strain is not pure.Prior to 1914, the Japanese had few interests of importance in these islands. Occasional tramp steamers, trading vessels, or fishing boats from. Japan sometimes visited them, but no regular trade relations existed. When, however, the World War broke out, Japan lost no time in sending a naval squadron to the islands, and, with comparative ease, she obtained control of them in October, 1914. At the time, the Tokio government explained that the seizure of the islands was only temporary, for military purposes, and that Japan had no desire to keep them. Later events indicate, however, that these mere dots in the Pacific took on an increased value in Japanese eyes; certainly, once having secured control of them, the conqueror was loath to give them up.

scholarly journals Challenges to Solving the Problem of Plastic Waste

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Jingoo Kang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Plastic waste collecting in the Pacific Ocean is a threat to all nations of the Pacific Rim. Environmentalists estimate that an island of plastic in the Pacific is larger than the land area of Texas, and may be better described as a “continent” rather than an island. The problem is a concern for East Asian nations as well as for the United States. Limiting or banning the use of plastics is not practical or feasible because the use of plastic is woven into our daily habits; plastic is inexpensive, and alternatives have their own environmental consequences. Conventional wisdom advocates for recycling, but for a variety of reasons recycling alone is inadequate to address the growing problem. The reality of recycling is that plastic cannot be 100% recovered; a further reality is that current recycling procedures are inefficient. Financial incentives to greatly improve the recovery of plastic waste must be part of the solution. We must explore new technologies that are capable of decomposing plastics into its original petroleum base for use as fuel to power automotive and aviation transportation, and the myriad other products also made from petrochemicals. With advances in the technology of biodegrading plastic, we can replace crude oil that we currently extract from the ground, with material created from plastic waste. These technologies hold the promise to address several environmental, social, and political problems simultaneously.

scholarly journals Lagrangian betweenness as a measure of bottlenecks in dynamical systems with oceanographic examples

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Ser-Giacomi ◽  
Alberto Baudena ◽  
Vincent Rossi ◽  
Mick Follows ◽  
Sophie Clayton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Spatial Correlations ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractThe study of connectivity patterns in networks has brought novel insights across diverse fields ranging from neurosciences to epidemic spreading or climate. In this context, betweenness centrality has demonstrated to be a very effective measure to identify nodes that act as focus of congestion, or bottlenecks, in the network. However, there is not a way to define betweenness outside the network framework. By analytically linking dynamical systems and network theory, we provide a trajectory-based formulation of betweenness, called Lagrangian betweenness, as a function of Lyapunov exponents. This extends the concept of betweenness beyond the context of network theory relating hyperbolic points and heteroclinic connections in any dynamical system to the structural bottlenecks of the network associated with it. Using modeled and observational velocity fields, we show that such bottlenecks are present and surprisingly persistent in the oceanic circulation across different spatio-temporal scales and we illustrate the role of these areas in driving fluid transport over vast oceanic regions. Analyzing plankton abundance data from the Kuroshio region of the Pacific Ocean, we find significant spatial correlations between measures of diversity and betweenness, suggesting promise for ecological applications.

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