scholarly journals The incidence of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (FAW) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a newly invasive corn pest in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 911 (1) ◽  
pp. 012056
Author(s):  
Septian Hary Kalqutny ◽  
Nurnina Nonci ◽  
Amran Muis
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Abstract Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (FAO) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae), is one of a newly Invasive armyworms on corn in Indonesia has been quickly spreading recently. S. frugiperda attack in Indonesia was first discovered in March 2019, in West Sumatra and Lampung. These pests have caused major damage on corn in the United States, which has become one of the important invasive pests that are polyphagous, however, its main host is corn. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of eggs, larvae, pupae and its adults’ stage, as well as the attacks, and the distribution area of Spodoptera frugiperda in Indonesia. Observations and sampling were carried out at locations affected by S. frugiperda attack from March 2019 to May 2020. The characteristics of eggs and larvae were observed in the laboratory using a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZX 12) while pupae, and the adult stage was observed visually. The field observations were carried out on 50 plant samples at each location, using the scouting method, the data collected were the number of larvae and the percentage of attacks. The S. frugiperda was observed placing the eggs in groups under the surface of the leaf, sometimes the eggs are covered with fine hairs. The defining characteristics of S. frugiperda larvae are the inverted Y shape on its caput, and four black dots on the eighth abdominal segment, and the larvae consisting of 5 stages of instars. These characteristics were found at all observation sites (West Sumatra, Lampung, South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan, and East Java. Based on field observations, it is known that S. frugiperda has spread and attacked several regions in Indonesia, namely: Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and South Sulawesi, with an average between 1.26 - 3 individuals/plant and an average percentage of attacks between 60.12 - 87, 05%. In accordance with the development of FAW attacks in the field that are increasingly widespread, it is better to design and test to support a continuous FAW control program in accordance with IPM principles.

Virulence and Genetic Characterization of Six Baculovirus Strains Isolated From Different Populations of Spodoptera Frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Zanella-Saenz ◽  
Elisabeth A. Herniou ◽  
Jorge E. Ibarra ◽  
Ma.Cristina Del Rincón-Castro ◽  
Ilse Alejandra Huerta-Arredondo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Mechanisms ◽  
Different Populations

Abstract Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), is a polyphagous, voracious, and economically important agricultural pest. Biological control of FAW is a strategy that must be further explored. This study evaluated six baculovirus strains isolated from infected FAW larvae from Mexico, Argentina, Honduras, and the United States. Five alphabaculoviruses (SfNPV-An2, SfNPV-Arg, SfNPV-Fx, SfNPV-Ho and SfNPV-Sin) and one betabaculovirus (SfGV-RV), were tested against FAW larvae, showing a wide diversity of virulence levels among strains when their estimated LC50s were compared, being SfNPVArg, SfNPV-Ho and SfNPV-Fx more virulent than SfNPV-An 2 , SfNPV-Sin and SfGV-RV. To determine any virulence difference in vitro studies of these isolates, Sf9 cell cultures were used. Interestingly, only ODVs from four of the test SfNPV strains showed infectivity on Sf9 cell cultures, and some differences in virulence were observed. Genomic restriction analyses and partial sequences of lef-8, lef-9 , and polh/granulin genes showed little variability among alphabaculoviruses, both, among them and with previously reported sequences. However, sequences from SfGV-RV were closer to previously reported sequences from the SfGVVG008 strain than the SfGV-Arg and SfGV-VG014 strains. The great difference in the in vivo virulence was not correlated with great similarity among the isolates. The characterization of these six baculoviruses isolates offers the basis for exploring their potential as biological control agents against S. frugiperda, as well the initial studies on their specific infection mechanisms, evolution, and ecology.

scholarly journals Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Schlum ◽  
Kurt Lamour ◽  
Caroline Placidi de Bortoli ◽  
Rahul Banerjee ◽  
Scott J. Emrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Host Strains

AbstractThe fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest with long-distance migratory behavior threatening food security worldwide. This pest has a host range of >80 plant species, but two host strains are recognized based on their association with corn (C-strain) or rice and smaller grasses (R-strain). In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity in 55 S. frugiperda samples from Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Puerto Rico and the United States (USA) were surveyed to further our understanding of whole genome nuclear diversity. Comparisons at the genomic level suggest panmixia in this population, other than a minor reduction in gene flow between the two overwintering populations in the continental USA that also corresponded to genetically distinct host strains. Two maternal lines were detected from analysis of mitochondrial genomes. We found members from the Eastern Hemisphere interspersed within both continental USA overwintering subpopulations, suggesting multiple individuals were likely introduced to Africa. Comparisons between laboratory-reared and field collected S. frugiperda support similar genomic diversity, validating the experimental use of laboratory strains. Our research is the largest diverse collection of United States S. frugiperda whole genome sequences characterized to date, covering eight continental states and a USA territory (Puerto Rico). The genomic resources presented provide foundational information to understand gene flow at the whole genome level among S. frugiperda populations.

scholarly journals Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Schlum ◽  
Kurt Lamour ◽  
Caroline Placidi de Bortoli ◽  
Rahul Banerjee ◽  
Robert Meagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Host Strains

Abstract Background The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest with long-distance migratory behavior threatening food security worldwide. This pest has a host range of > 80 plant species, but two host strains are recognized based on their association with corn (C-strain) or rice and smaller grasses (R-strain). The population genomics of the United States (USA) fall armyworm remains poorly characterized to date despite its agricultural threat. Results In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity in 55 S. frugiperda samples from Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Puerto Rico and USA were surveyed to further our understanding of whole genome nuclear diversity. Comparisons at the genomic level suggest a panmictic S. frugiperda population, with only a minor reduction in gene flow between the two overwintering populations in the continental USA, also corresponding to distinct host strains at the mitochondrial level. Two maternal lines were detected from analysis of mitochondrial genomes. We found members from the Eastern Hemisphere interspersed within both continental USA overwintering subpopulations, suggesting multiple individuals were likely introduced to Africa. Conclusions Our research is the largest diverse collection of United States S. frugiperda whole genome sequences characterized to date, covering eight continental states and a USA territory (Puerto Rico). The genomic resources presented provide foundational information to understand gene flow at the whole genome level among S. frugiperda populations. Based on the genomic similarities found between host strains and laboratory vs. field samples, our findings validate the experimental use of laboratory strains and the host strain differentiation based on mitochondria and sex-linked genetic markers extends to minor genome wide differences with some exceptions showing mixture between host strains is likely occurring in field populations.

scholarly journals Rapid identification of the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) using species-specific primers in multiplex PCR

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Lung Tsai ◽  
I.-Hsuan Chu ◽  
Ming-Hsun Chou ◽  
Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap ◽  
Ming-Yao Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), is a major pest native to the Americas. A recent invasion of FAWs from Africa eastward to South Asia, the Indochina Peninsula, and mainland China has received much attention due to the considerable economic losses in agriculture. FAWs can rapidly colonise a new area, likely due to the wide range of host plants, good flying capability, and high egg production. Therefore, a convenient, quick, and accurate tool for FAW identification is urgently required to establish a FAW invasion management strategy. In this study, FAW-specific primers were designed to recognise FAWs on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). The results revealed the accurate FAW recognition of the three congeneric species and eight common corn lepidopteran pests, especially at their larval stage. Furthermore, species-specific primers have confirmed their efficacy by using 69 FAW specimens from Taiwan, Thailand, and the United States, with a 96% success rate, excluding 3 decayed specimens. By using the simple, reliable, and convenient FAW-specific primers, a pest management programme can be developed not only to reduce sequencing costs and experimental time from 2 days to 4 h, but eradicate the FAW as soon as it enters a new area.

Dispersal and Seasonal Occurrence of Noctuidonema guyanense, an Ectoparasitic Nematode of Adult Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the United States2

1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin M. Simmons ◽  
Charlie E. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Percent Parasitism ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Eastern Half

Migrant Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) adult males were collected at 17 widely separated locations throughout the eastern half of the United States and were examined to determine if Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain, an ectoparasitic nematode of adult Lepidoptera, were transported with the host. Nematodes were recovered from all locations where moths were captured. Nematode populations and parasitism of fall armyworm males were higher in the eastern states than in the Plains, Midwestern, and Central states (e.g., west Texas, Iowa, and Ohio). Percent parasitism and the number of nematodes per infested fall armyworm changed over time at each location. The initial immigrant fall armyworm males at a given location generally had few or no nematodes. These data suggest that moths with a moderate number of nematodes may be less able to disperse. Nematode populations peaked in mid-to-late August and then declined to a few or none by mid-October at locations north of the Gulf Coast area. Among other factors, temperature is apparently an important regulator of N. guyanense populations.

scholarly journals Silicon-based induced resistance in maize against fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)]

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259749
Author(s):  
Inzamam Ul Haq ◽  
Aroosa Khurshid ◽  
Rehan Inayat ◽  
Zhang Kexin ◽  
Liu Changzhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Maize Plants

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major economic pest in the United States and has recently become a significant concern in African and Asian countries. Due to its increased resistance to current management strategies, including pesticides and transgenic corn, alternative management techniques have become more necessary. Currently, silicon (Si) is being used in many pest control systems due to its ability to increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors and promote plant growth. The current experiments were carried out at the College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China, to test the effect of Si on lifetable parameters and lipase activity of fall armyworm and vegetative and physiological parameters of maize plants. Two sources of Si (silicon dioxide: SiO2 and potassium silicate: K2SiO3) were applied on maize plants with two application methods (foliar application and soil drenching). The experiment results revealed that foliar applications of SiO2 and K2SiO3 significantly (P≤0.05) increased mortality percentage and developmental period and decreased larval and pupal biomass of fall armyworm. Similarly, both Si sources significantly (P≤0.05) reduced lipase activity of larvae, and fecundity of adults, whereas prolonged longevity of adults. Among plant parameters, a significant increase in fresh and dry weight of shoot, stem length, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant activity was observed with foliar applications of Si. Root fresh and dry weight was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in plants treated with soil drenching of SiO2 and K2SiO3. Moreover, SiO2 performed better for all parameters as compared to K2SiO3 and control treatment. The study conclusively demonstrated a significant negative effect on various biological parameters of fall armyworm when plants were treated with Si, so it can be a promising strategy to control this pest.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance monitoring for the invasive populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan-dan ZHANG ◽  
Yu-tao XIAO ◽  
Peng-jun XU ◽  
Xian-ming YANG ◽  
Qiu-lin WU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Resistance Monitoring

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Push–Pull Systems to Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Management in Maize Crops in Morelos, Mexico

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Ouorou Ganni Mariel Guera ◽  
Federico Castrejón-Ayala ◽  
Norma Robledo ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez ◽  
Georgina Sánchez-Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Pull Systems ◽  
Complex Scenario ◽  
Block Experiment

Chemical control is the main method used to combat fall armyworm in maize crops. However, its indiscriminate use usually leads to a more complex scenario characterized by loss of its effectiveness due to the development of resistance of the insect pest, emergence of secondary pests, and reduction of the populations of natural enemies. For this reason, efforts to develop strategies for agroecological pest management such as Push–Pull are increasingly growing. In this context, the present study was carried out to evaluate field effectiveness of Push–Pull systems for S. frugiperda management in maize crops in Morelos, Mexico. In a randomized block experiment, the incidence and severity of S. frugiperda, the development and yield of maize were evaluated in nine Push–Pull systems and a maize monoculture. The Push–Pull systems presented incidence/severity values lower than those of the monoculture. Morphological development and maize yield in the latter were lower than those of most Push–Pull systems. Mombasa—D. ambrosioides, Mulato II—T. erecta, Mulato II—C. juncea, Tanzania—T. erecta and Tanzania—D. ambrosioides systems presented higher yields than those of monocultures.

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