scholarly journals Dynamics of an apple tree yield after rejuvenation pruning

2021 ◽  
Vol 941 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gurin ◽  
Svetlana Rezvyakova ◽  
Nikolay Revin
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Crown Height ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Control Option

Abstract The studies were carried out in the apple orchard planted in 1987. The layout of trees was 7x5 m, the stock was vigorous (seedlings of cultivated varieties). In the first experiment, the influence of the crown cut on fruit yield was studied. The object of research was an apple tree of the Sinap Orlovsky variety. The following options were considered: 1. Without reduction in the crown height (control); 2. Cutting the tree height to 5.0-5.5 m; 3. Cutting the tree height to 4.0-4.5 m; 4. Cutting the tree height to 3.0-3.5 m. The trees were pruned in the spring of 2015. In the second experiment, perennial wood was removed and the yield was compared. The object of the study was an apple tree of the Antonovka Ordinary variety. The following options were considered: 1. Sanitary pruning (control); 2. Pruning for 3-4 year old wood; 3. Pruning for 5-6 year old wood; 4. Pruning for 7-8 year old wood. The trees were pruned in the spring of 2016. The experiments were repeated 4 times, each option used 6 trees, the placement of the plots was randomized. In the first experiment, on the sixth year, the highest yield (15.8 t/ha) was observed for the option with a crown cut to 4.0-4.5 m. This option also showed the highest total yield for 6 years (55.1 t/ha). In the second experiment for options with rejuvenation pruning, the total yield over 5 years exceeded the control option by 9.9-36.3%. The highest yield (52.2 t/ha) was obtained for the option with pruning for 5-6 year old wood.

scholarly journals SPRING Vs. AUTUMN FERTILIZER APPLICATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREES IN THE MID-SOUTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 735d-735
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
R.A. Allen ◽  
K. Kupperman ◽  
J. Naraguma
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Cluster Number ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Tree Performance

Three studies were established to compare spring (S) vs. autumn (F) N fertilizer applications on apple tree performance. The studies used newly planted trees, 4-yr-old trees, and 8-yr-old trees, fertilized with either ammonium nitrate or urea at 2 weeks after harvest (F) or at bud break (S). In the first 3 years growth in a newly planted orchard, time of fertilizer did not significantly affect tree height or TCSA. In the first cropping year, F fertilized trees had the greatest flower cluster number and bloom density but similar % set and yield compared to S fertilized trees. F fertilized trees in mature orchards studies tended to be shorter and have smaller TCSA increment after 3 yrs. Treatments did not affect bloom density, % set or total yield although spring fertilized trees had a greater % drop. Although spur leaves of F fertilized trees had greater N content at bloom, shoot leaves typically had lower N and Mn, and higher P, K, and Ca at 90 days after bloom compared to S treatment trees.

Reduction of apple tree height (Malus domestica Borkh) cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 does not decrease fruit yield and quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Yuri ◽  
M. Ibarra-Romero ◽  
J.L. Vásquez ◽  
V. Lepe ◽  
J. González-Talice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Yield And Quality

scholarly journals Long-range Yield of High-density Apple Orchard on Seedling Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 665d-665
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Space Requirement ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Productive Time

Apple orchard was planted in 1963 with treatments of 8, 6, or 4 m between rows and 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2 m between trees in the row. Pruning of trees corresponded to the space requirement imposed by each treatment. Spherical canopy seldom formed in treatments of 8 × 2,3,4, or 5 m and the size of canopy was equal to the distance between trees. In treatment of row spacing 6 or 4 m the size of the canopy across the row was 3 or 2 m, respectively, with the length of the canopy equal to the distance between the trees. Tree height was 3 m in all treatments. The cultivar was `Antonovka' on Malus sylvestris rootstock. There were four replications. Fruiting in all treatments begun at the age of 8 years. During the 25 years of productive time of the orchard, there were 7 years without fruit. During the 33 years of orchard operations fruit yield was in treatments (in t·ha–1) 8 × 8 = 301, 8 × 4 = 417, 6 × 3 = 508, 4 × 3 = 612. Yield efficiency, based on crosssection of trunks in 1995 did not depend on orchard density or orchard design.

scholarly journals Development of methods for application of pheromonic materials for monitoring and managing the number of apple phytophages

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
I. S. Agasieva ◽  
V. Ya. Ismailov ◽  
A. S. Nastasiy ◽  
M. V. Nefedova
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Insect Sex Pheromones ◽  
Natural Dynamics ◽  
And Control

Synthetic sex pheromones have found wide application in plant protection as a mean of early detection of pests that allows observation of the phenology of insects to optimise protective measures. Insect sex pheromones can be applied for different purposes in protecting crops such as monitoring, determining the species composition and combating harmful species (by using sex pheromones for disorientation). The present work studies the species composition, dynamics of the number of basic pests of an apple tree, synchronisation of the seasonal and circadian activity of phytophages of an apple tree in the central zone of the Krasnodar Territory. The results of the field assessment of the male complex disorientation method of apple and eastern moths are presented. It was shown that the species-specificity of sex pheromones in the apple orchard depends on the faunistic diversity of Lepidoptera species with similar pheromone systems that develop at a given point in space and time. It was revealed that the behaviour of this complex changes during the season and over years, depending on the climate and natural dynamics of insect populations. The quantitative ratio and species-specificity of pheromones will probably be different in ecosystems with various species composition and different geographic zones. A novelty of this research is the division of the studied Lepidoptera phytophage species into three groups according to a decrease in the absolute species-specificity in the forest biotope in comparison with the garden one. The most widespread and coinciding in terms of summer synchronicity are apple (Cydia pomonella L.), plum (Grapholitha funebrana Tr.), eastern (Grapholitha molesta Tr.) and pomegranate moth (Euzophera bigella Zell.). The disorientation method, applied using a complex system of dispensers with apple and eastern moth pheromones, showed that installing 500 dispensers/ha allowed 99.3 % efficiency to be achieved. Fruit damage amounted to 1.2 % and 2.7 % in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The duration of the disorienting effect of the pheromone formulations lasted for over 4 months.

scholarly journals Impact of Microtus arvalis and Lepus europaeus on apple trees by trunk bark gnawing

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Josef Suchomel ◽  
Jan Šipoš ◽  
Ladislav Čepelka ◽  
Marta Heroldová
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Common Vole ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
European Hare ◽  
Bark Damage ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Common Voles

A unique evaluation of the apple tree trunk bark damage caused by common vole and European hare was presented. Damage was found in an apple orchard under organic farming, in Central Moravia (Czech Republic), at 700 m a.s.l. There were two cultivated apple cultivars Red Spring and Melodie/Angold. Damage occurred in winter with the snow cover lasting from December to February. In total 1 012 trees and 95.7% of trees were damaged. The cv. Red Spring was damaged more than cv. Melodie/Angold. Almost 90% of the dead trees were killed by common voles. While hares damaged both cultivars equally, voles damaged the cv. Red Spring to a significantly greater extent (P = 0.04). The study confirms the need of further research on the development of methodologies for orchard protection from damage caused by small mammals.

scholarly journals 3D MODELING AND GIS ANALYSIS FOR AERODROME FOREST OBSTACLE MONITORING

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B2-2021 ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
L. Mitsevich ◽  
N. Zhukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Gis Analysis ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Geospatial Modeling ◽  
Height Control ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
Special Limitation

Abstract. The article discusses methods for constructing and using digital photogrammetric and cartographic models as a basis for growing tree height control and plantation planning in aerodrome areas. Forests or gardens in the take-off and landing flight areas, exceeding special limitation surfaces, are dangerous obstacles and intended to cut down. Tree and bush vegetation should be under periodic monitoring because of their growth. The research was aimed to determine the maximum permissible obstacle height and tree age when it reaches the obstacle limitation surface altitude. For these purposes, it is proposed to use geospatial modeling and geoinformation analysis methods. As a basis for geospatial models, remote sensing optical stereo images were used. The allowable height is calculated as a difference between 3D obstacle limitation surface and the earth surface altitude values. The article presents the study results for a Belarus climatic zone, where the tree species predictive age in reaching the maximum permissible height is calculated. The main goal of the technology is to manage the aerodrome forest plantation growth without further labor-intensive monitoring, while ensuring the safety of aircraft flights.

scholarly journals 1059 SPRAY APPLICATION TECHNIQUES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 580d-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.R. Unrath
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Fixed Concentration ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Activity Loss

The canopy of an apple orchard can be objectively quantified by using tree height and cross row limb spread to calculate the tree row volume (TRV). Use of the appropriate water rate, adjusted for canopy density, is an effective tool for determining full dilute water rate for airblast applications. To save run off most dilute pesticides are applied at 70% of TRV. TRV model use will be discussed and illustrated. Comparison of handgun vs airblast applications showed more deposition and thinner activity w/handgun. Thinners applied at a fixed concentration of a.i. showed decreased activity as volume decreased. Applications at the same a.i./ha, regardless of water volume showed similar activity at and below TRV water and reduced activity at higher than TRV water, indicating activity loss from run off. Added testing showed uniform thinner activity only if water volume was within ± 20% of tree TRV rate. A fruit dip experiment showed greatly differing natural fruit drop but similar added chemical induced fruit drop between top, lower outside and lower inside of apple trees, a factor which must be adjusted for w/nozzle distribution on large trees.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity index of zucchini yield on a protected environment and experimental planning

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Feijó ◽  
Lindolfo Storck ◽  
Alessandro Dal'Col Lúcio ◽  
Sidinei José Lopes ◽  
Danton C Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Heterogeneity Index ◽  
Experimental Planning ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Replication Number ◽  
The Mean

The objectives of this work were to assess zucchini heterogeneity index and fruit weight at different harvest frequencies for plants grown on a protected environment; to estimate the optimum plot size; and to determine the least significant difference among treatments, varying plot size and replication number. Plants of cultivar Caserta were grown in a plastic greenhouse, using spaces of 0.80 x 1.00 among plants and lines, respectively. The following harvest frequencies were studied: fruits harvested daily, (1) at 10:00, (2) at 10:00 and 18:00, (3) at 8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 and 18:00 h and; (4) fruits harvested every other day, at 18:00 h. Twenty-seven harvests were carried out, collecting fruits larger than 0.15 m. Plots were planned with 1, 2, 3, and 6 plants per row. Heterogeneity index was estimated according to Smith's method and, the optimum plot size, according to modified maximum curvature method. Fruit yield per plant gradually increased reaching a maximum at the 15th harvest. Total yield was of 3214, 3124, 3928 and 3248 g plant¹, respectively, at the harvest frequencies 1, 2, 3 and 4, with no significant differences among them. The heterogeneity index in the plastic greenhouse was nearly zero. The use of smaller plots combined with a larger number of replications increased the experimental accuracy. Although optimum plot size to assess total fruit yield varied between one and seven plants, depending on the harvest frequency, plots with three plants per row plots, with six replications, were the most appropriate design, allowing detecting a least significant difference among treatments equal to 76% of the mean.

scholarly journals Efecto de la cobertura plástica y el encalado en chile, en el sureste de México.

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Roberto Zetina ◽  
Daniel E Uriza
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Management System ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Significant Response ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
High Input ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Heavy Rains

In the south of Veracruz, Mexico, 5000 ha of chili are cultivated annually in acids soils and with a low CIC. The sandy texture of the soil and the low rainfalls in the last three months of the year coincides with the productive stage of plantations established after the heavy rains of june and july. The objective of this study was to evaluate under rain conditions the effect of lime and plastic covering on the acidity of a recently exposed soil to the cultivation and production of “serrano” chili under a high input management system. The experimental design was one of divided parcels with three repetitions: in the big parcels with four dose of liming (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 t/ha of CaCO3) and in the small parcels two plastic coverings (black plastic/ white and plastic black) and a control treatment without covering. The total yield of fruit showed a significant response to the black/white plastic covering and to the interaction lime (1 ton/ha)- (black/ white plastic covering)obtaining increments of the 40% to 82% respectively. The fruit yield did not show a significant response to the lime. Treatments using lime increased the soil pH from 5.2 to 5.6 and the levels of interchangeable bases from 40 to 54 ppm K, 882- 1146 ppm Ca and 205-192 ppm of Mg.

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