Highly Effective Birth Control Use Before and After Women's Incarceration

This chapter considers population trends in the decades either side of Independence. It does so in three broad phases. The first phase is the 1920s and 1930s—when there was unprecedented population growth, and public discussion about birth control increased. The second phase is the turbulent 1940s; here particular attention is given to the demographic effects of the Bengal famine in 1943–44 and Partition in 1947. The final phase is the 1950s and 1960s—when there was a big fall in the death rate and, very cautiously, a family planning programme was introduced. The chapter also considers developments relating to the urban sector, migration, and regional demographic variation. It concludes by noting that, with little sign of a fall in the birth rate, by 1971 there was increasing disappointment and concern about the performance of the family planning programme.

Download Full-text

Hygienic Hand Disinfection

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s0195941700058744 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 18-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

M.L. Rotter

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Tests ◽

Test Model ◽

Hand Disinfection ◽

Specific Procedure ◽

Contamination Assessment ◽

E Coli ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Before And After ◽

Finger Tip ◽

Comparability Of Results

AbstractThe purpose of hygienic hand disinfection is to render hands safe after contact with pathogens. Comparing effects of disinfection procedures on infection ratios is too difficult for routine purposes but the degerming efficacy may be determined in laboratory tests with volunteers. In the Vienna test model the efficacy of a specific procedure being tested is compared to that of a standard disinfection (rubbing into hands 3 ml of iso-propanol 60% v/v, 30 seconds, twice) tested in parallel with the same volunteers. This ensures standardization, thus comparability of results between laboratories, and provides the investigator with a yardstick for efficacy. The model includes artificial contamination, assessment of the release of test bacteria (E. Coli ATCC 11229) before and after disinfection by the finger tip method, and addition of neutralizers to sampling fluids. Alcohols in appropriate concentrations are highly effective (log reductions: >4.0) whereas procedures employing disinfectant detergents act like soap (log reductions: ≤ 3.2) and may cause dissemination of pathogens.

Download Full-text

Marked reduction in antibiotic usage following intensive malaria control in a cohort of Ugandan children

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-021-02167-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paul J. Krezanoski ◽

Michelle E. Roh ◽

John Rek ◽

Joaniter I. Nankabirwa ◽

Emmanuel Arinaitwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vector Control ◽

Antibiotic Treatment ◽

Malaria Control ◽

Marked Reduction ◽

Antibiotic Usage ◽

High Transmission ◽

Symptomatic Malaria ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Before And After ◽

Adjusted Incidence

Abstract Background Intensive malaria control may have additional benefits beyond reducing the incidence of symptomatic malaria. We compared antibiotic treatment of children before and after the implementation of highly effective malaria control interventions in Tororo, a historically high transmission area of Uganda. Methods Two successive cohorts of children, aged 0.5 to 10 years, were followed from September 2011 to October 2019 in a dedicated study clinic. Universal distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets was conducted in 2013 and 2017. Sustained indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) was initiated in December 2014. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to compare the incidence of antimalarial and antibiotic treatments before and after vector control measures were implemented. Results Comparing the period prior to the implementation of IRS to the period after IRS had been sustained for 4–5 years, the adjusted incidence of malaria treatments decreased from 2.68 to 0.05 per person-year (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.02, 95% CI 0.01–0.03, p < 0.001), and the adjusted incidence of antibiotic treatments decreased from 4.14 to 1.26 per person-year (IRR = 0.30, 95% CI 0.27–0.34, p < 0.001). The reduction in antibiotic usage was primarily associated with fewer episodes of symptomatic malaria and fewer episodes of fever with sub-microscopic parasitemia, both of which were frequently treated with antibiotics. Conclusions In a historically high transmission setting, the implementation of highly effective vector control interventions was followed by a marked reduction in antibiotic treatment of children. This added benefit of malaria control could have important implications for antibiotic prescribing practices, efforts to curtail antimicrobial resistance, and health system costs.

Download Full-text

Significance of intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) as predictictive factors of nivolumab therapy after conversion surgery for unresectable gastric cancer: A retrospective study.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.412 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (4_suppl) ◽

pp. 412-412

Author(s):

Hiroaki Tanaka ◽

Takuya Mori ◽

Kenjiro Kimura ◽

Kazuya Muguruma ◽

Kosei Hirakawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

T Cells ◽

Advanced Gastric Cancer ◽

Cytotoxic T Cells ◽

Palliative Surgery ◽

Conversion Surgery ◽

T Cell Infiltration ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Before And After ◽

Unresectable Gastric Cancer

412 Background: Conversion surgery for unresectable advanced gastric cancer has been increasing with the development of chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy regimens after conversion surgery have not been standardized. The main mechanism of nivolumab is augmentation of antitumor immune response of tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T cells (CTL) to cancer cells, and it has recently been reported that nivolumab therapy before and after chemotherapy is effective in other carcinomas. We previously reported that tertiary lymphoid architecture (TLS) correlates with tumor-infiltrating T cells and is associated with a better prognosis in untreated patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of TLS in the primary tumor and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer who underwent conversion therapy. Methods: We evaluated 52 patients with advanced gastric cancer including 17 patients underwent conversion surgery and 35 patients underwent palliative surgery without prior chemotherapy in our department from 2009 to 2017. The local immune environment and presence of TLS was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Intratumoral TLS occurred in 20% of patients with advanced cancer who did not receive chemotherapy before surgery and in 52% of patients who received conversion surgery. And the prognosis of patients with the presence of TLS was better than no TLS. Intratumoral CD8 T-cell infiltration was slightly associated presence of TLS. We had a case in which nivolumab was highly effective and converted to conversion surgery, and a case in which nivolumab was highly effective in patients with recurrence after conversion surgery. TLS was observed in the vicinity of the tumor in these patients. Conclusions: The prognosis was good in the case in which intratumoral TLS was present after conversion surgery. These results suggest that the adjuvant nivolumab therapy may improve the outcome of patients underwent conversion surgery for advanced gastric cancer. These results suggest that peri-tumor TLS is a predictor of nivolumab efficacy in adjuvant therapy after conversion surgery.

Download Full-text

Preliminary results in surgery of Parkinson's disease

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x1998000400003 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 56 (3B) ◽

pp. 533-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

JOSÉ AUGUSTO NASSER ◽

CARLOS IVAM CONFORT ◽

ANDREI FERRAZ ◽

ARMANDO ALAMINOS BOUZA

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Facial Expression ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Remarkable Improvement ◽

Functional Assessments ◽

Gait Dysfunction ◽

Highly Effective ◽

Before And After ◽

Updrs Score

The authors present the preliminary results of 20 patients selected to be operated on between January 1996 and April 1997. These patients presented one of the present indications for stereotactic postero-ventral pallidotomy (PVP), such as: rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, gait dysfunction, drug induced dyskinesias and tremor. Every patient of this protocol was evaluated by: UPDRS score, Schwab and England scale, Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale before and after surgery. The results in 3 months showed a remarkable improvement after PVP (P<0.01) in all functional assessments, except for facial expression, speech and posture. The morbidity was 5%. 5 patients (25%) who were in Hoehn and Yahr 5 underwent a bilateral simultaneous PVP. In 5 patients (25%), who had tremor, during the PVP, VIM thalamotomy was added. These preliminary results suggest that PVP is highly effective for PD symptoms

Download Full-text

A Right to Ourselves: Women's Suffrage and the Birth Control Movement

The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ◽

10.1017/s1537781420000304 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 542-558

Author(s):

Heather Munro Prescott ◽

Lauren MacIvor Thompson

Keyword(s):

Birth Control ◽

Women's Rights ◽

White Women ◽

Individual Autonomy ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Political Issues ◽

Nineteenth Amendment ◽

Birth Control Movement ◽

Before And After ◽

New Research

AbstractThe suffrage and birth control movements are often treated separately in historical scholarship. This essay brings together new research to demonstrate their close connections. Many suffragists became active in the birth control movement just before and after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. The roots of suffrage arguments were deeply embedded in the same ideas that were foundational to the birth control movement: bodily freedom and notions of what constituted full and participatory citizenship. Beginning in the 1840s, women's rights reformers directly connected the vote to a broad range of economic and political issues, including the concept of self-ownership. Wide-ranging debates about individual autonomy remained present in women's rights rhetoric and were then repeated in the earliest arguments for legalizing birth control. The twentieth-century birth control movement, like the suffrage movement before it (which had largely focused only on achieving the vote for white women), would then grapple with competing goals of restrictive racist and eugenic arguments for contraception alongside the emphasis on achieving emancipation for all women.

Download Full-text

Preconception reflections, postconception intentions: the before and after of birth control in Australian adolescent females

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh13020 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 332 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jennifer Lawson Smith ◽

S. Rachel Skinner ◽

Jennifer Fenwick

Keyword(s):

Birth Control ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Personal Responsibility ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Recent Experience ◽

Pregnancy Risk ◽

Pregnancy Intentions ◽

Contraceptive Counselling ◽

Before And After ◽

Pregnancy Avoidance

Background The relationship between pregnancy intentions and contraceptive behaviour is difficult to establish. This study explored the contraceptive histories of teenagers with a recent experience of pregnancy to generate qualitative profiles of pregnancy intentions. Subsequent intentions in relation to birth control were also examined. Methods: A purposive sample of female teenagers aged 14–19 years was recruited from various clinical and community-based antenatal and postnatal services and termination services across the Perth metropolitan area. The current analysis was based on a total of 56 semistructured interviews. A two-staged process of thematic analysis was conducted to identify commonalities emerging from the narrative data. Results: Three pregnancy intention profiles were identified: 1) unplanned, unwanted, unlikely; 2) planned, wanted, likely; and 3) unplanned, ambivalent, likely. Each profile represents variation in pathways to pregnancy based on teenagers’ accounts of pregnancy desires, personal responsibility over contraceptive use, and perceptions of pregnancy risk. Regardless of the way that pregnancy was resolved (i.e. termination or childbirth), similar postconception intentions surrounding birth control emerged through a shared discourse of pregnancy avoidance across the sample. Conclusions: Exploring adolescents’ understandings of the decisions and behaviours that lead to pregnancy will assist in the development of more accurate assessment tools to identify those at risk of unplanned and unwanted pregnancies. Our research also suggests that the provision of contraceptive counselling immediately after conception, followed by ongoing support, may help to maintain strong intentions to delay further pregnancies as identified in our study.

Download Full-text

Sociodemographic Factors Associated with the Knowledge and Use of Birth Control Methods in Adolescents before and after Pregnancy

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16061022 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 1022 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Reyna Sámano ◽

Hugo Martínez-Rojano ◽

Gabriela Chico-Barba ◽

Bernarda Sánchez-Jiménez ◽

Selene Sam-Soto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Birth Control ◽

Control Method ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Sexual Life ◽

Control Methods ◽

Birth Control Method ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽

Before And After

Adolescent pregnancy rates are high worldwide. However, insufficient information exists regarding the frequency of birth control methods used before the first pregnancy and postpartum. In the current study, we analyzed the association of sociodemographic factors with the knowledge of birth control methods and their use before and after pregnancy in a sample of adolescents in Mexico City. A cohort study was conducted on 600 pregnant adolescents in Mexico City, from 2013 to 2017, at a health care institution providing prenatal care. Participants were assessed during the second trimester and four months postpartum. The questionnaire explored the knowledge of birth control methods, their use, and other associated factors. Two logistic regression models were implemented to identify potential variables associated with the lack of birth control method use before and after pregnancy. The mean age of participants was 15.4 + 1 years, of which, 48% and 65.2% used a birth control method before pregnancy and postpartum, respectively. We found that the main factors associated with increased risk of not using any birth control method before pregnancy included being under the age of 15 years, school dropout, having an educational lag, initiation of sexual life before the age of 15, and having a mother who did not inform their child about contraceptives. By contrast, variables associated with a higher risk of not using any contraceptive methods after pregnancy included educational lag, lower level of education, and the fact that the adolescent had not used any birth control prior to the pregnancy.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Zika Virus Education on Selection of Birth Control Methods Among Cuban Refugees Resettling in Louisville, Kentucky in 2016

Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice ◽

10.1891/2380-9418.11.1.88 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 88-92

Author(s):

Dawn Balcom ◽

Ruth Carrico ◽

Linda Goss ◽

Karen Mutsch ◽

Rahel Bosson

Keyword(s):

Condom Use ◽

Birth Control ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Control Method ◽

The United States ◽

Control Methods ◽

Practice Nurses ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

Background:Cubans represented almost 40% of all refugees resettling in KY during 2015 and 2016. Their route to the United States included extended time in areas recognized as Zika endemic, making them vulnerable to Zika virus (ZV) exposure and infection. Early availability of birth control is one strategy stressed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to delay an unintended pregnancy after ZV exposure and prevent the catastrophic impact on a developing fetus.Objectives:The objectives were to determine: (a) awareness of ZV among Cuban refugees, and (b) the impact of education regarding ZV on their initial birth control decisions.Methods:During May–November 2016, 167 Cuban men and women aged 19–50 were seen by advanced practice nurses (APNs) in the University of Louisville Global Health Center (UL GHC). During the visit, awareness regarding ZV, current planned birth control method(s), and education about ZV was imparted using information developed by the CDC and provided by clinic personnel competent in delivery of culturally, socially, and linguistically appropriate messaging. Anticipated methods of birth control were then reassessed.Results:Condom use was the most prevalent contraceptive method used before and after ZV education (29% and 58% respectively, p < .001). The influence of education regarding ZV and ZV infection on selection of birth control methods (condom use) was significant (p < .001).Conclusions:Findings indicate education provided by APNs regarding ZV influence birth control selection among Cuban refugees.

Download Full-text