Drosophila CLIP-190 and mammalian CLIP-170 display reduced microtubule plus end association in the nervous system

Axons act like cables, electrically wiring the nervous system. Polar bundles of microtubules (MTs) form their backbones and drive their growth. Plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs) regulate MT growth dynamics and directionality at their plus ends. However, current knowledge about +TIP functions, mostly derived from work in vitro and in nonneuronal cells, may not necessarily apply to the very different context of axonal MTs. For example, the CLIP family of +TIPs are known MT polymerization promoters in nonneuronal cells. However, we show here that neither Drosophila CLIP-190 nor mammalian CLIP-170 is a prominent MT plus end tracker in neurons, which we propose is due to low plus end affinity of the CAP-Gly domain–containing N-terminus and intramolecular inhibition through the C-terminus. Instead, both CLIP-190 and CLIP-170 form F-actin–dependent patches in growth cones, mediated by binding of the coiled-coil domain to myosin-VI. Because our loss-of-function analyses in vivo and in culture failed to reveal axonal roles for CLIP-190, even in double-mutant combinations with four other +TIPs, we propose that CLIP-190 and -170 are not essential axon extension regulators. Our findings demonstrate that +TIP functions known from nonneuronal cells do not necessarily apply to the regulation of the very distinct MT networks in axons.

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GALNT2 regulates ANGPTL3 cleavage in cells and in vivo of mice

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-73388-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xuedan Li ◽

Yiliang Zhang ◽

Minzhu Zhang ◽

Yan Wang

Keyword(s):

Cultured Cells ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽

Endothelial Lipase ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Proprotein Convertase ◽

Primary Hepatocytes ◽

Coiled Coil Domain

Abstract Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) is an important inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase that plays critical roles in lipoprotein metabolism. It specifically expresses in the liver and undergoes proprotein convertase-mediated cleavage during secretion, which generates an N-terminal coiled-coil domain and C-terminal fibrinogen-like domain that has been considered as the activation step for its function. Previous studies have reported that the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase GALNT2 mediates the O-glycosylation of the ANGPTL3 near the cleavage site, which inhibits the proprotein convertase (PC)-mediated cleavage in vitro and in cultured cells. However, loss-of-function mutation for GALNT2 has no effect on ANGPTL3 cleavage in human. Thus whether GALNT2 regulates the cleavage of ANGPTL3 in vivo is unclear. In present study, we systematically characterized the cleavage of Angptl3 in cultured cells and in vivo of mice. We found that endogenous Angptl3 is cleaved in primary hepatocytes and in vivo of mice, and this cleavage can be blocked by Galnt2 overexpression or PC inhibition. Moreover, suppressing galnt2 expression increases the cleavage of Angptl3 in mice dramatically. Thus, our results support the conclusion that Galnt2 is a key endogenous regulator for Angptl3 cleavage both in vitro and in vivo.

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Cep57, a multidomain protein with unique microtubule and centrosomal localization domains

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20071501 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 412 (2) ◽

pp. 265-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Ko Momotani ◽

Alexander S. Khromov ◽

Tsuyoshi Miyake ◽

P. Todd Stukenberg ◽

Avril V. Somlyo

Keyword(s):

Ectopic Expression ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Full Length ◽

Centrosomal Protein ◽

Multidomain Protein ◽

Coiled Coil Domain ◽

C Terminus ◽

N Terminus

The present study demonstrates different functional domains of a recently described centrosomal protein, Cep57 (centrosomal protein 57). Endogenous Cep57 protein and ectopic expression of full-length protein or the N-terminal coiled-coil domain localize to the centrosome internal to γ-tubulin, suggesting that it is either on both centrioles or on a centromatrix component. The N-terminus can also multimerize with the N-terminus of other Cep57 molecules. The C-terminus contains a second coiled-coil domain that directly binds to MTs (microtubules). This domain both nucleates and bundles MTs in vitro. This activity was also seen in vivo, as overexpression of full-length Cep57 or the C-terminus generates nocodazole-resistant MT cables in cells. Based on the present findings, we propose that Cep57 serves as a link with its N-terminus anchored to the centriole or centromatrix and its C-terminus to MTs.

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Stepping stone: a cytohesin adaptor for membrane cytoskeleton restraint in the syncytial Drosophila embryo

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1554 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 711-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jiangshu Liu ◽

Donghoon M. Lee ◽

Cao Guo Yu ◽

Stephane Angers ◽

Tony J. C. Harris

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Drosophila Embryo ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Interacting Protein ◽

Stepping Stone ◽

Membrane Cytoskeleton ◽

Coiled Coil Domain

Cytohesin Arf-GEFs are conserved plasma membrane regulators. The sole Drosophila cytohesin, Steppke, restrains Rho1-dependent membrane cytoskeleton activity at the base of plasma membrane furrows of the syncytial embryo. By mass spectrometry, we identified a single major Steppke-interacting protein from syncytial embryos, which we named Stepping stone (Sstn). By sequence, Sstn seems to be a divergent homologue of the mammalian cytohesin adaptor FRMD4A. Our experiments supported this relationship. Specifically, heterophilic coiled-coil interactions linked Sstn and Steppke in vivo and in vitro, whereas a separate C-terminal region was required for Sstn localization to furrows. Sstn mutant and RNAi embryos displayed abnormal, Rho1-dependent membrane cytoskeleton expansion from the base of pseudocleavage and cellularization furrows, closely mimicking Steppke loss-of-function embryos. Elevating Sstn furrow levels had no effect on the steppke phenotype, but elevating Steppke furrow levels reversed the sstn phenotype, suggesting that Steppke acts downstream of Sstn and that additional mechanisms can recruit Steppke to furrows. Finally, the coiled-coil domain of Steppke was required for Sstn binding and in addition homodimerization, and its removal disrupted Steppke furrow localization and activity in vivo. Overall we propose that Sstn acts as a cytohesin adaptor that promotes Steppke activity for localized membrane cytoskeleton restraint in the syncytial Drosophila embryo.

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The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-64 Locus Encodes a Syntaxin That Interacts Genetically with Synaptobrevin

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.9.6.1235 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1235-1252 ◽

Cited By ~ 151

Author(s):

Owais Saifee ◽

Liping Wei ◽

Michael L. Nonet

Keyword(s):

Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽

Synaptic Vesicle ◽

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Vesicle Fusion ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Hydrophobic Membrane ◽

Coiled Coil Domain ◽

Synaptic Vesicle Fusion

We describe the molecular cloning and characterization of theunc-64 locus of Caenorhabditis elegans. unc-64 expresses three transcripts, each encoding a molecule with 63–64% identity to human syntaxin 1A, a membrane- anchored protein involved in synaptic vesicle fusion. Interestingly, the alternative forms of syntaxin differ only in their C-terminal hydrophobic membrane anchors. The forms are differentially expressed in neuronal and secretory tissues; genetic evidence suggests that these forms are not functionally equivalent. A complete loss-of-function mutation in unc-64 results in a worm that completes embryogenesis, but arrests development shortly thereafter as a paralyzed L1 larva, presumably as a consequence of neuronal dysfunction. The severity of the neuronal phenotypes of C. elegans syntaxin mutants appears comparable to those ofDrosophila syntaxin mutants. However, nematode syntaxin appears not to be required for embryonic development, for secretion of cuticle from the hypodermis, or for the function of muscle, in contrast to Drosophila syntaxin, which appears to be required in all cells. Less severe viable unc-64 mutants exhibit a variety of behavioral defects and show strong resistance to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb. Extracellular physiological recordings from pharyngeal muscle of hypomorphic mutants show alterations in the kinetics of transmitter release. The lesions in the hypomorphic alleles map to the hydrophobic face of the H3 coiled-coil domain of syntaxin, a domain that in vitro mediates physical interactions with similar coiled-coil domains in SNAP-25 and synaptobrevin. Furthermore, the unc-64 syntaxin mutants exhibit allele-specific genetic interactions with mutants carrying lesions in the coiled-coil domain of synaptobrevin, providing in vivo evidence for the significance of these domains in regulating synaptic vesicle fusion.

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Direct regulation of Arp2/3 complex activity and function by the actin binding protein coronin

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.200206113 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 159 (6) ◽

pp. 993-1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

Christine L. Humphries ◽

Heath I. Balcer ◽

Jessica L. D'Agostino ◽

Barbara Winsor ◽

David G. Drubin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binding Protein ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Actin Binding ◽

Complex Activity ◽

Actin Binding Protein ◽

Coiled Coil Domain ◽

Allele Specific ◽

And Function

Mechanisms for activating the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex have been the focus of many recent studies. Here, we identify a novel mode of Arp2/3 complex regulation mediated by the highly conserved actin binding protein coronin. Yeast coronin (Crn1) physically associates with the Arp2/3 complex and inhibits WA- and Abp1-activated actin nucleation in vitro. The inhibition occurs specifically in the absence of preformed actin filaments, suggesting that Crn1 may restrict Arp2/3 complex activity to the sides of filaments. The inhibitory activity of Crn1 resides in its coiled coil domain. Localization of Crn1 to actin patches in vivo and association of Crn1 with the Arp2/3 complex also require its coiled coil domain. Genetic studies provide in vivo evidence for these interactions and activities. Overexpression of CRN1 causes growth arrest and redistribution of Arp2 and Crn1p into aberrant actin loops. These defects are suppressed by deletion of the Crn1 coiled coil domain and by arc35-26, an allele of the p35 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. Further in vivo evidence that coronin regulates the Arp2/3 complex comes from the observation that crn1 and arp2 mutants display an allele-specific synthetic interaction. This work identifies a new form of regulation of the Arp2/3 complex and an important cellular function for coronin.

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Design, fabrication, and testing of a bioprinted nerve graft

10.32469/10355/71260 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Christopher M. Owens

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Nerve Graft ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Vitro Assay ◽

Central Nervous System Damage ◽

In Vivo Animal Model ◽

The Central Nervous System

Injuries to nerves vary in their consequences, from weakened sensation and motor function to partial or complete paralysis. In the latter case, affecting about twenty thousand Americans yearly, the injury is debilitating and results in a significant decrease in quality of life. Currently there is no effective treatment for damage to the central nervous system, in particular the spinal cord. Compared to the injuries to the central nervous system, damage in the peripheral nerves, is more common, with about sixty thousand occurrences annually. The cost of associated surgical procedures and due to loss of function is in the billions. In this thesis we present work towards the construction and testing of a fully cellular, patented nerve graft, one amongst the first of its kind. For the fabrication of the graft we are the first to employ bioprinting (either implemented through a special purpose 3D bioprinter or manually), a novel tissue engineering method rapidly gaining acceptance and utility. We first review the status of bioprinting. We then detail the fabrication process. Next we report on the testing of the graft in an in vivo animal model through electrophysiology and histology. This is followed by the introduction of a novel in vitro model, aimed at providing a fast, inexpensive and reliable method to test engineered nerve grafts. We describe our work on the optimization of the in vitro assay and then the testing of the graft using the optimized assay. We conclude with a summary of our accomplishments and make suggestions for some exciting future applications of our approach.

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Regulation of c-Fes Tyrosine Kinase and Biological Activities by N-Terminal Coiled-Coil Oligomerization Domains

Molecular and Cellular Biology ◽

10.1128/mcb.19.12.8335 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 8335-8343 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Haiyun Cheng ◽

Jim A. Rogers ◽

Nancy A. Dunham ◽

Thomas E. Smithgall

Keyword(s):

Tyrosine Kinase ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Protein Tyrosine Kinase ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Protein Tyrosine ◽

Coiled Coil Domain ◽

Fibroblast Transformation

ABSTRACT The cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase Fes has been implicated in cytokine signal transduction, hematopoiesis, and embryonic development. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that active Fes exists as a large oligomeric complex in vitro. However, when Fes is expressed in mammalian cells, its kinase activity is tightly repressed. The Fes unique N-terminal sequence has two regions with strong homology to coiled-coil-forming domains often found in oligomeric proteins. Here we show that disruption or deletion of the first coiled-coil domain upregulates Fes tyrosine kinase and transforming activities in Rat-2 fibroblasts and enhances Fes differentiation-inducing activity in myeloid leukemia cells. Conversely, expression of a Fes truncation mutant consisting only of the unique N-terminal domain interfered with Rat-2 fibroblast transformation by an activated Fes mutant, suggesting that oligomerization is essential for Fes activation in vivo. Coexpression with the Fes N-terminal region did not affect the transforming activity of v-Src in Rat-2 cells, arguing against a nonspecific suppressive effect. Taken together, these findings suggest a model in which Fes activation may involve coiled-coil-mediated interconversion of monomeric and oligomeric forms of the kinase. Mutation of the first coiled-coil domain may activate Fes by disturbing intramolecular coiled-coil interaction, allowing for oligomerization via the second coiled-coil domain. Deletion of the second coiled-coil domain blocks fibroblast transformation by an activated form of c-Fes, consistent with this model. These results provide the first evidence for regulation of a nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase by coiled-coil domains.

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Transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 3 (TMCC3) regulates breast cancer stem cell and AKT activation

Oncogene ◽

10.1038/s41388-021-01729-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ya-Hui Wang ◽

Yu-Tzu Chan ◽

Tsai-Hsien Hung ◽

Jung-Tung Hung ◽

Ming-Wei Kuo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Cancer Stem Cells ◽

Prognostic Significance ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Domain Family ◽

Akt Activation ◽

Coiled Coil Domain

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSC) play a pivotal role in cancer metastasis and resistance to therapy. Previously, we compared the phosphoproteomes of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) enriched subpopulation and non-BCSCs sorted from breast cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX), and identified a function unknown protein, transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 3 (TMCC3) to be a potential enrichment marker for BCSCs. We demonstrated greater expression of TMCC3 in BCSCs than non-BCSCs and higher expression of TMCC3 in metastatic lymph nodes and lungs than in primary tumor of breast cancer PDXs. TMCC3 silencing suppressed mammosphere formation, ALDH activity and cell migration in vitro, along with reduced tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that AKT activation was reduced by TMCC3 silencing, but enhanced by TMCC3 overexpression. We further demonstrated that TMCC3 interacted directly with AKT through its 1-153 a.a. domain by cell-free biochemical assay in vitro and co-immunoprecipitation and interaction domain mapping assays in vivo. Based on domain truncation studies, we showed that the AKT-interacting domain of TMCC3 was essential for TMCC3-induced AKT activation, self-renewal, and metastasis. Clinically, TMCC3 mRNA expression in 202 breast cancer specimens as determined by qRT-PCR assay showed that higher TMCC3 expression correlated with poorer clinical outcome of breast cancer, including early-stage breast cancer. Multivariable analysis identified TMCC3 expression as an independent risk factor for survival. These findings suggest that TMCC3 is crucial for maintenance of BCSCs features through AKT regulation, and TMCC3 expression has independent prognostic significance in breast cancer. Thus, TMCC3 may serve as a new target for therapy directed against CSCs.

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The C terminus of the mycobacterium ESX-1 secretion system substrate ESAT-6 is required for phagosomal membrane damage and virulence

10.1101/2022.01.14.476355 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Morwan M Osman ◽

Jonthan K Shanahan ◽

Frances Chu ◽

Kevin Takaki ◽

Malte Pinckert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Membrane Damage ◽

Secretion System ◽

Granuloma Formation ◽

Close Relative ◽

Functional Domain ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

C Terminus ◽

Immune Aggregates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its close relative Mycobacterium marinum infect macrophages and induce the formation of granulomas, organized macrophage-rich immune aggregates. These mycobacterial pathogens can accelerate and co-opt granuloma formation for their benefit, using the specialized secretion system ESX-1, a key virulence determinant. ESX-1-mediated virulence is attributed to the damage it causes to the membranes of macrophage phagosomal compartments, within which the bacteria reside. This phagosomal damage, in turn, has been attributed to the membranolytic activity of ESAT-6, the major secreted substrate of ESX-1. However, mutations that perturb ESAT-6 membranolytic activity often result in global impairment of ESX-1 secretion. This has precluded an understanding of the causal and mechanistic relationships between ESAT-6 membranolysis and ESX-1-mediated virulence. Here, we identify two conserved residues in the unstructured C-terminal tail of ESAT-6 required for phagosomal damage, granuloma formation and virulence. Importantly, these ESAT-6 mutants have near-normal levels of secretion, far higher than the minimal threshold we establish is needed for ESX-1-mediated virulence early in infection. Unexpectedly, these loss-of-function ESAT-6 mutants retain the ability to lyse acidified liposomes. Thus, ESAT-6 virulence functions in vivo can be uncoupled from this in vitro surrogate assay. These uncoupling mutants highlight an enigmatic functional domain of ESAT-6 and provide key tools to investigate the mechanism of phagosomal damage and virulence.

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The homo-oligomerisation of both Sas-6 and Ana2 is required for efficient centriole assembly in flies

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.07236 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Matthew A Cottee ◽

Nadine Muschalik ◽

Steven Johnson ◽

Joanna Leveson ◽

Jordan W Raff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Point Mutations ◽

Coiled Coil ◽

Higher Order ◽

Centriole Duplication ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Coiled Coil Domain ◽

Centriole Assembly ◽

Tetramer Structure

Sas-6 and Ana2/STIL proteins are required for centriole duplication and the homo-oligomerisation properties of Sas-6 help establish the ninefold symmetry of the central cartwheel that initiates centriole assembly. Ana2/STIL proteins are poorly conserved, but they all contain a predicted Central Coiled-Coil Domain (CCCD). Here we show that the Drosophila Ana2 CCCD forms a tetramer, and we solve its structure to 0.8 Å, revealing that it adopts an unusual parallel-coil topology. We also solve the structure of the Drosophila Sas-6 N-terminal domain to 2.9 Å revealing that it forms higher-order oligomers through canonical interactions. Point mutations that perturb Sas-6 or Ana2 homo-oligomerisation in vitro strongly perturb centriole assembly in vivo. Thus, efficient centriole duplication in flies requires the homo-oligomerisation of both Sas-6 and Ana2, and the Ana2 CCCD tetramer structure provides important information on how these proteins might cooperate to form a cartwheel structure.

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