A Positive Mood Induction for Reducing the Formation of Nocebo Effects from Side Effect Information

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 999-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Geers ◽  
Shane Close ◽  
Fawn C Caplandies ◽  
Lene Vase
Keyword(s):  
Side Effect ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Nocebo Effects ◽  
Headache Pain ◽  
Mood Condition

Abstract Background Providing treatment side effect information can increase the occurrence of side effects through nocebo effects. Nocebo effects from side effect information raise a dilemma for health care, as there is an ethical obligation to disclose potential unpleasant treatment information to patients. Purpose To test the hypothesis that a positive mood induction can block the development of nocebo effects that result from treatment side effect information. Methods In a laboratory setting, healthy participants were assigned to one of four conditions in a between-subjects randomized factorial trial. First, participants took part in a mood induction procedure, with half receiving a positive mood induction and the other half a neutral mood induction. Next, participants were told they would experience transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Prior to a sham tDCS task, half of the participants were informed that headache pain is a side effect of tDCS, whereas the other half were not given this information. Results In the neutral mood condition, the provision of headache side effect information lead to a greater occurrence of headaches, more frequent headaches, and a higher maximum level of headache pain as compared to those given no side effect information. In the positive mood condition, a similar increase in headache pain did not manifest from the provision of side effect information. Conclusions This is the first experiment to find that a positive mood induction can block the formation of nocebo effects that arise from side effect information. Inducing positive moods may be an effective strategy for reducing nocebo effects in a variety of clinical settings.

The Impact of Positive Mood on Learning

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanis Bryan ◽  
Sarup Mathur ◽  
Karen Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Neutral Condition ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mood Condition ◽  
Better Than

The primary intent of this study was to examine the effects of a brief positive mood induction on a learning task that stimulates beginning reading acquisition. A secondary intent was to examine the durability of this effect across a period of two weeks. Sixty students, half average-achieving and half with learning disabilities, were randomly assigned to either a positive or a neutral mood induction condition. In an effort to control for the effects of prior knowledge, all students received instruction in elementary Hindi language on a series of five tasks. After two weeks, the instruction and tasks were readministered. The results of a MANCOVA indicated that both groups of students in the positive mood condition performed better than those in the neutral condition, although not statistically so. However, gain scores indicated that across a two-week period, students with learning disabilities in the positive condition performed significantly better than students with learning disabilities in the neutral condition.

scholarly journals Praise Is Reciprocated With Tangible Benefits

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asami Matsumura ◽  
Yohsuke Ohtsubo
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Symbolic Resources ◽  
Mood Condition ◽  
Positive Evaluation

A recent study in the field of neuroscience showed that a class of symbolic resources (praise) activated the brain’s reward circuitry, which was similarly activated by monetary resources. This result implies that the two distinct classes of resources are mutually exchangeable. The present experiment addressed this possibility by comparing four conditions. Participants in the praise condition received a positive evaluation and decided how much money they would give to the evaluator, while participants in the no praise condition did not receive any evaluation. To distinguish the effect of praise from positive mood effect, participants in the positive mood condition decided how much money they would give to someone other than the evaluator. To explore the differential effects of praise and flattery, participants in the flattery condition were led to suspect the intention of the evaluator. Participants in the praise condition behaved more generously than those in the other three conditions.

Duchenne Smiles as Honest Signals of Chronic Positive Mood

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162095983
Author(s):  
Kennon M. Sheldon ◽  
Mike Corcoran ◽  
Melanie Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Happy People ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Duchenne Smiles ◽  
Positivity Offset ◽  
Behavioral Influences ◽  
Better Than

Chronic positive mood (CPM) has been shown to confer a wide variety of social, functional, and health benefits. Some researchers have argued that humans evolved to feel CPM, which explains why most people report better than neutral mood (the “positivity offset bias”) and why particularly happy people have particularly good outcomes. Here, we argue that the Duchenne smile evolved as an honest signal of high levels of CPM, alerting others to the psychological fitness of the smiler. Duchenne smiles are honest because they express felt positive emotion, making it difficult for unhappy people to produce them. Duchenne smiles enable happy people to signal and cooperate with one another, boosting their advantages. In our literature review, we found (a) that not all Duchenne smiles are “honest,” although producing them in the absence of positive emotion is difficult and often detectable, and (b) that the ability to produce and recognize Duchenne smiles may vary somewhat by a person’s cultural origin. In the final section of the article, we consider behavioral influences on CPM, reviewing research showing that engaging in eudaimonic activity reliably produces CPM, as posited by the eudaimonic-activity model. This research suggests that frequent Duchenne smiling may ultimately signal eudaimonic personality as well as CPM.

Relationship between the membrane potential of the contractile vacuole complex and its osmoregulatory activity inParamecium multimicronucleatum

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (20) ◽  
pp. 3261-3270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi K. Grønlien ◽  
Christian Stock ◽  
Marilynn S. Aihara ◽  
Richard D. Allen ◽  
Yutaka Naitoh
Keyword(s):  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYThe electric potential of the contractile vacuole (CV) of Paramecium multimicronucleatum was measured in situ using microelectrodes,one placed in the CV and the other (reference electrode) in the cytosol of a living cell. The CV potential in a mechanically compressed cell increased in a stepwise manner to a maximal value (approximately 80 mV) early in the fluid-filling phase. This stepwise change was caused by the consecutive reattachment to the CV of the radial arms, where the electrogenic sites are located. The current generated by a single arm was approximately 1.3×10-10 A. When cells adapted to a hypotonic solution were exposed to a hypertonic solution, the rate of fluid segregation, RCVC, in the contractile vacuole complex (CVC) diminished at the same time as immunological labelling for V-ATPase disappeared from the radial arms. When the cells were re-exposed to the previous hypotonic solution, the CV potential, which had presumably dropped to near zero after the cell's exposure to the hypertonic solution, gradually returned to its maximum level. This increase in the CV potential occurred in parallel with the recovery of immunological labelling for V-ATPase in the radial arm and the resumption of RCVC or fluid segregation. Concanamycin B, a potent V-ATPase inhibitor, brought about significant decreases in both the CV potential and RCVC. We confirm that (i) the electrogenic site of the radial arm is situated in the decorated spongiome, and (ii) the V-ATPase in the decorated spongiome is electrogenic and is necessary for fluid segregation in the CVC. The CV potential remained at a constant high level(approximately 80 mV), whereas RCVC varied between cells depending on the osmolarity of the adaptation solution. Moreover, the CV potential did not change even though RCVC increased when cells adapted to one osmolarity were exposed to a lower osmolarity, implying that RCVC is not directly correlated with the number of functional V-ATPase complexes present in the CVC.

Intention and Body-Mood Engineering via Proactive Robot Moves in HRI

2015 ◽  
pp. 255-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Can Görür ◽  
Aydan M. Erkmen
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Elastic Networks ◽  
Human Intention ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Intention Estimation

This chapter focuses on emotion and intention engineering by socially interacting robots that induce desired emotions/intentions in humans. The authors provide all phases that pave this road, supported by overviews of leading works in the literature. The chapter is partitioned into intention estimation, human body-mood detection through external-focused attention, path planning through mood induction and reshaping intention. Moreover, the authors present their novel concept, with implementation, of reshaping current human intention into a desired one, using contextual motions of mobile robots. Current human intention has to be deviated towards the new desired one by destabilizing the obstinance of human intention, inducing positive mood and making the “robot gain curiosity of human”. Deviations are generated as sequences of transient intentions tracing intention trajectories. The authors use elastic networks to generate, in two modes of body mood: “confident” and “suspicious”, transient intentions directed towards the desired one, choosing among intentional robot moves previously learned by HMM.

Sustained Reductions in Children's Risk Taking from Peer-Communicated Behavioral Safety Norms

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-632
Author(s):  
Barbara A Morrongiello ◽  
Emily Weinberger ◽  
Mackenzie Seasons
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Behavioral Safety ◽  
Safety Message ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Increase In Risk

Abstract Objective This research examined whether the positive effects of a peer-communicated social norm that reduces risk-taking behaviors persist over time and if a reminder of this peer-communicated safety message has any impact on this outcome. Methods Positive mood in 7- to 9-year olds was induced experimentally and risk taking intentions and behaviors were measured when the child was in a positive and neutral mood state and after they had been exposed to either a safety or neutral peer-communicated social norm message. A few weeks later, half of the participants who experienced the safety social norm message were exposed to a reminder of this message via a slogan and risk-taking measures were taken again when in a heightened positive mood state. Results Exposure to a safety norm successfully counteracted the increase in risk taking associated with a positive mood state. These effects persisted for several weeks regardless of whether the children were exposed to a reminder. Conclusion Manipulating peer social norms holds promise as an approach to produce reductions in children’s risk taking and these effects persist at least over several weeks.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DAMPAK PELAKSANAAN CAR FREE DAY DI KOTA DENPASAR Studi kasus: Jalan Raya Puputan Niti Mandala Renon

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Decy Arwini ◽  
I N. Widana Negara ◽  
I P. Alit Suthanaya
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Sunday Morning ◽  
Total Dust ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Road Performance ◽  
Working Day

Abstract: Renon area is the center of the goverment system of Bali province. As one of the main street in Denpasar city, this street can represent the characteristics of Denpasar city which is the Car Free Day  was held in in every Sunday morning in this street, as a simple way to reduce the air pollution and noise. The calculation in this journal is road performance, air pollution and noise level for 2 condition that is in Car Free Day and in working day. From the calculation result of road performance, the capacity of the street is 4.110 pcu/hour with degree of saturation is 0,8. The level of street service is on D category where the flow is almost unstable with high volume of traffic. The traffic volume is mostly reached the capacity and delay is frequently occur in this street. The measurement process of the level of air pollution showed that from six parameter which tested were over all are still under the standard quality which is allowed as good and medium category. The Sulfur dioksida (SO2) which was measured in busy day showed the improvement about 6,78% from the measurement which is done in Car Free Day. The nitrogen dioksida showed the improvement for about 36,35% , the carbon monoksida also showed the improvement for about 366,25%, the total dust had the greatest improvement  for about  599,95% or six time greater rather than the level of total dust in Car Free Day. In the other hand, oxidantshowed the improvement for about 28,75%.The noises which occured in Car Free Day showed  the average level of dB(A)is 61,65 whereas in workdays showed 72,77 dB(A). At 07.30 until 07.45  in the morning , the maximum level of noises occurs in Car Free Day and in work day. The noises improvement which occured when the Car Free Day was held with workday is about 19,17%.

scholarly journals The Answer Is in the Question? Mood Effects on Processing Verbal Information and Impression Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Matovic ◽  
Joseph P. Forgas
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Question Format ◽  
Mood Effects

Can good or bad mood influence how people process verbal information about others? Based on affect-cognition theories, this experiment predicted and found that the way a question is phrased has a greater influence on impressions than actual answers when judges are experiencing a negative rather than a neutral or positive mood. After an audiovisual mood induction, participants witnessed interview questions and responses by two target characters. The same level of extroversion was communicated, either by affirmative responses to questions about extraversion, or by negative responses to questions about introversion. Question format had a significant influence on impressions in negative mood but not in neutral or positive mood. The implications of these results for interpreting linguistic information in everyday social life are considered, and their relevance to contemporary affect-cognition theorizing is discussed.

An Experimental Investigation into the Effect of State-Anxiety on State-Paranoia in People Experiencing Psychosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
Megan Cowles ◽  
Lorna Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
State Affect ◽  
Clinical Populations

Background:There is strong evidence to suggest that anxiety is associated with paranoia in clinical and non-clinical samples. However, no research to date has directly manipulated anxiety to investigate if state-anxiety has a causal role in state-paranoia in clinical populations.Aims:To investigate whether an anxious-mood induction leads to greater paranoia than a neutral-mood induction in people experiencing psychosis and paranoia and, if so, whether this is predicted by anxiety over and above other variables.Method:22 participants with a psychosis-spectrum diagnosis took part in a two condition cross-over experimental design. Participants underwent a neutral-mood and an anxious-mood induction with levels of state-anxiety, state-affect and state-paranoia being measured before and after each condition.Results:State-paranoia was significantly higher after the anxious condition compared with the neutral condition. State-anxiety and negative-affect were significant predictors of levels of state-paranoia after the anxious condition. When both predictors were included in a regression model, only negative-affect was a significant predictor of state-paranoia after the anxious condition. There were a number of methodological limitations.Conclusions:State-anxiety and negative-affect may both be involved in the maintenance of paranoia in clinical populations, as predicted by cognitive models. Negative-affect may be the strongest predictor of state-paranoia in clinical populations. Reasons for this are discussed, as well as the implications. Interventions that seek to reduce negative state-affect may be beneficial in managing state-paranoia. Further research is warranted to explore the suggested clinical and theoretical implications of these findings.

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