scholarly journals Praise Is Reciprocated With Tangible Benefits

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asami Matsumura ◽  
Yohsuke Ohtsubo
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Symbolic Resources ◽  
Mood Condition ◽  
Positive Evaluation

A recent study in the field of neuroscience showed that a class of symbolic resources (praise) activated the brain’s reward circuitry, which was similarly activated by monetary resources. This result implies that the two distinct classes of resources are mutually exchangeable. The present experiment addressed this possibility by comparing four conditions. Participants in the praise condition received a positive evaluation and decided how much money they would give to the evaluator, while participants in the no praise condition did not receive any evaluation. To distinguish the effect of praise from positive mood effect, participants in the positive mood condition decided how much money they would give to someone other than the evaluator. To explore the differential effects of praise and flattery, participants in the flattery condition were led to suspect the intention of the evaluator. Participants in the praise condition behaved more generously than those in the other three conditions.

A Positive Mood Induction for Reducing the Formation of Nocebo Effects from Side Effect Information

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 999-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Geers ◽  
Shane Close ◽  
Fawn C Caplandies ◽  
Lene Vase
Keyword(s):  
Side Effect ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Nocebo Effects ◽  
Headache Pain ◽  
Mood Condition

Abstract Background Providing treatment side effect information can increase the occurrence of side effects through nocebo effects. Nocebo effects from side effect information raise a dilemma for health care, as there is an ethical obligation to disclose potential unpleasant treatment information to patients. Purpose To test the hypothesis that a positive mood induction can block the development of nocebo effects that result from treatment side effect information. Methods In a laboratory setting, healthy participants were assigned to one of four conditions in a between-subjects randomized factorial trial. First, participants took part in a mood induction procedure, with half receiving a positive mood induction and the other half a neutral mood induction. Next, participants were told they would experience transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Prior to a sham tDCS task, half of the participants were informed that headache pain is a side effect of tDCS, whereas the other half were not given this information. Results In the neutral mood condition, the provision of headache side effect information lead to a greater occurrence of headaches, more frequent headaches, and a higher maximum level of headache pain as compared to those given no side effect information. In the positive mood condition, a similar increase in headache pain did not manifest from the provision of side effect information. Conclusions This is the first experiment to find that a positive mood induction can block the formation of nocebo effects that arise from side effect information. Inducing positive moods may be an effective strategy for reducing nocebo effects in a variety of clinical settings.

Does AICPA Accreditation of Nonaudit Services Add Value? The Case of Personal Financial Planning

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Shawn Mauldin ◽  
Mark Wilder ◽  
Morris H. Stocks
Keyword(s):  
Financial Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Professional Attributes ◽  
Financial Planners ◽  
The Future ◽  
Financial Planner ◽  
Nonaudit Services ◽  
Personal Financial Planning

The AICPA has taken the position that accreditation of CPAs in specific areas of practice is an important aspect of repositioning the CPA profession for the future. The AICPA currently offers two designations exclusively to CPAs, one of which is the Personal Financial Specialist (PFS) designation. However, the issue of accrediting CPAs by granting official AICPA designations is a complex and highly debated issue with opposing sides having compelling arguments supporting their positions. CPAs and other professionals specializing in personal financial planning have opportunities to obtain designations other than the PFS. This paper examines the relative value of these alternative options for financial planners. Specifically, the research was designed to examine the differential effects of alternative financial-planning accreditations on users' perceptions. These perceptions relate to various professional attributes of a financial planner such as their knowledge and expertise, objectivity, and level of trust and ethics possessed. In addition, these perceptions relate to fees charged and the influence that the designation has on the public's choice of a financial planner. Our results indicate that the CPA designation used in conjunction with the PFS designation is generally perceived to signal a higher level of professional attributes than the other designations examined in the study. In addition, a CPA with a PFS designation has a significantly greater influence on the public's choice of a financial planner than do the other designations. These results suggest that important benefits may accrue to CPAs from holding the PFS specialty accreditation.

Beyond the Reward Pathway: Coding Reward Magnitude and Error in the Rat Subthalamic Nucleus

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 2526-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Lardeux ◽  
Remy Pernaud ◽  
Dany Paleressompoulle ◽  
Christelle Baunez
Keyword(s):  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Firing Pattern ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
Reward Delivery ◽  
Reward Pathway ◽  
Subthalamic Neurons ◽  
The Brain

It was recently shown that subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesions affect motivation for food, cocaine, and alcohol, differentially, according to either the nature of the reward or the preference for it. The STN may thus code a reward according to its value. Here, we investigated how the firing of subthalamic neurons is modulated during expectation of a predicted reward between two possibilities (4 or 32% sucrose solution). The firing pattern of neurons responding to predictive cues and to reward delivery indicates that STN neurons can be divided into subpopulations responding specifically to one reward and less or giving no response to the other. In addition, some neurons (“oops” neurons) specifically encode errors as they respond only during error trials. These results reveal that the STN plays a critical role in ascertaining the value of the reward and seems to encode that value differently depending on the magnitude of the reward. These data highlight the importance of the STN in the reward circuitry of the brain.

The Relation between Angle of Display and Performance in a Prolonged Visual Task

1950 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Display Surface ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
And Performance

An experiment is described to test the relation between angle of display and performance in prolonged visual tasks, using the Clock Test in three positions of display surface, vertical, at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal, and horizontal. In every case the line of regard was kept at right-angles to the display surface. The results indicate that significantly fewer stimuli are missed in the vertical position of the display surface than in the other two. The deterioration observed in the second half-hour of the original Clock Test experiments was not found in the present experiment, and two possible reasons for this are discussed briefly.

scholarly journals Fungi inhabiting healthy grapevine canes (Vitis spp.) in some nurseries

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Król
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Cladosporium Cladosporioides ◽  
The Other ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Vitis Spp ◽  
Propagation Material ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The purpose of this study, conducted in the years 2000 - 2002, was to identify fungi species colonizing apparently healthy canes and to investigate whether canes storage modify the quantitative and qualitative composition of these fungi. The plant material was collected from 5 commercial plantations growing in various regions of Poland, taking into consideration 8 cultivars which were the most frequently cultivated. From each plantation and cultivar 20 apparently healthy canes were randomly sampled in two terms: before storage - November/December (term I) and 3-4 months after storage - February/March (term II). The results showed that from asymptomatic canes 2746 isolates of fungi belonging to 23 species were obtained, but the majority of them origined from canes analysed after storage. It was found that <i>P. viticola</i> is able to live latently within grapevine tissue in Polish conditions because isolates of this fungus from visually healty canes the all studied plantations and terms were obtained. Among the other fungi species inhabiting grapevine canes <i>Alternaria alternata</i> and <i>Fusarium</i> spp. dominated. Moreover, both in term I and term II <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Phoma</i> spp., <i>Epicoccum purpurascens</i> and <i>Cladosporium cladosporioides</i> were frequently isolated, whereas fungi from the genus <i>Acremonium</i> only in the term I. Each time isolates of <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. and <i>Gliocladium</i> spp. were also obtained. Inhabitation of grapevine canes by various fungi species shown in the present experiment indicate the danger of pathogens spread with propagation material on the new plantations.

Differential Effects of D2- and D4-Blocking Neuroleptics on the Procedural Learning of Schizophrenic Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. S21-S24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-André Bédard ◽  
Hélène Scherer ◽  
Julie Delorimier ◽  
Emmanuel Stip ◽  
Pierre Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Procedural Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Drawing Task ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Haloperidol Group ◽  
Better Than

Objective: To illustrate the differential effects of D2- and D4-blocking neuroleptics on the procedural learning of patients with schizophrenia. Method: Twenty-nine schizophrenic patients were divided into 3 groups according to their pharmacological treatment: 1) drug naive, 2) haloperidol, and 3) clozapine. They were all assessed on clinical and procedural measures, the latter being the mirror drawing task. Results: All groups showed progressive learning over the successive trials, and drug-naive patients performed better than the other groups. Patients in the haloperidol group showed many fluctuations over trials, suggesting difficulty in the progressive automation of the task. Such fluctuations did not occur in the clozapine group, but performances per se were worse than in the other groups during the learning trials. A utomation of the task occurred at the same point (second block of trials) for all groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that D2- and D4-blocking neuroleptics do not similarly affect striatal dependent procedural learning in schizophrenia.

CSR-enhancing factors for business vs public stakeholders: evidence from Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-419
Author(s):  
Sungwook Min ◽  
Namwoon Kim ◽  
Carlos Lo
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Strategic Motivation ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study provides the enhancing factors of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and examines their differential effects on corporate social performances for business-stakeholder groups (i.e. investors, employees, suppliers and customers) and public-stakeholder groups (i.e. communities and the environment). Design/methodology/approach This study uses a differenced-equation model to test the differential effects of CSR-enhancing factors. The study tests the impact of each factor controlling the effects of the other CSR-enhancing factors in one multivariate analysis with survey data of 776 small and medium-sized enterprises from Hong Kong. Findings This study finds that firms give more CSR efforts for public stakeholders than for business stakeholders as firms’ financial resources, institutional conformity and their perceived regulatory pressure increase. On the other hand, firms provide more CSR efforts for business stakeholders than for public stakeholders when such efforts are based on their strategic motivation. Originality/value The main contribution of this study is to clarify diverse CSR-enhancing factors for different stakeholders, in particular, business vs public stakeholders, thus to help firms understand the effective ways to increase CSR actions for specific target stakeholder groups.

Failure to Support the Hypothesis That Eating is Anticipatory of Need

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bow Tong Revusky
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Relationship ◽  
Nutritional Deficit ◽  
Statistical Artifact

Le Magnen (1959) reported evidence that eating is a response to an anticipated rather than existing nutritional deficit. However, it is the contention of this paper that the evidence was based upon a statistical artifact. The purpose of the present experiment was to obtain the anticipatory effect using a modified procedure. In both Le Magnen's experiment and the present one, one meal preceded a long interval and followed a short interval while the other meal preceded a short interval and followed a long interval. Insofar as eating is anticipatory, more should be eaten at the meal which precedes the long interval than at the meal that precedes the short one. If eating is a response to an existing deficit, then more should be eaten at the meal that precedes the short interval because this meal also follows the long intermeal interval. There was no systematic relationship between the length of the intermeal interval (either preceding or following a meal) and the amount consumed.

AXIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE TRANSFORMATION CONCEPT IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
H. O. Zvonko
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Positive Evaluation

The axiological features of the TRANSFORMATION concept are identified and analyzed in the article. The identification of these features was based on contextual analysis. Axiological features are elements of meaning that represent the positive / negative attitude of the speaker to the conceptualized phenomenon as a whole or to its separate conceptual features, such as 1) immoral – moral, pretended – real; 2) backward – progressive, irrelevant – relevant, unpopular – popular; 3) evil – kind, aggressive – peaceful, dangerous – safe; 4) disharmonious – harmonious; 5) nasty – pleasant, hated – beloved; 6) traditional – innovative; 7) sick – healthy. The results of the research show that conceptual features with a positive evaluation usually do not have certain means of linguistic expression, most often their implementation is carried out in context. Semantic concordance of the nominates of the TRANSFORMATION concept with the words bad, evil, harmful, unattractive, aggressive, sick, disharmonious, etc. can be the means of expressing the speaker’s negative attitude to the described phenomenon of transformation. The obtained results indicate the predominance of a negative evaluation over a positive one. Features that express a negative evaluation are more diverse. They are presented in the denotative meaning of a number of lexical units, which indicates their importance in the objectification of the TRANSFORMATION concept. On the other hand, a positive evaluation of the described facts and phenomena is not always recorded. Axiological features of the concept belong to the peripheral zone of the field, or the interpretive field of the concept.

Effects of ribosomal wash factors and spermidine on endogenous and exogenous mRNA stimulated protein synthesis in the wheat germ cell-free system

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-435
Author(s):  
Elahe Elahi ◽  
George H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Globin Mrna ◽  
Free System ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Myeloma Proteins ◽  
Dependent Protein

Differential effects of Mg2+, spermidine, and reticulocyte ribosomal wash factors on the translation of endogenous, myeloma, and globin mRNA's have been observed in studies with the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesizing system. Spermidine stimulated globin mRNA translation but not the translation of endogenous wheat germ messages, and the polyamine actually inhibited the translation of myeloma mRNA. Ribosomal wash factors, on the other hand, stimulated endogenous and myeloma mRNA dependent protein synthesis in an Mg2+-dependent fashion but inhibited globin mRNA translation. The combination of ribosomal wash factors and spermidine was either stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the Mg2+ concentration and the message. It was further observed that translation of exogenous myeloma mRNA proceeded for only 60 min at 25 °C under all conditions tested in this study, while translation of endogenous wheat germ messages continued for longer periods of time. No differential effects of spermidine on the synthesis of high molecular weight myeloma proteins were observed.

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