hypotonic solution
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2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 820-828
Author(s):  
Annas Pamening ◽  
W Wirasti ◽  
S Slamet ◽  
Urmatul Waznah

AbstractBasil plant (Ocimum americanum) is efficacious as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. According to research by Sarma and Babu, 2011, Verma and Kothiyal, 2012 showed basil activity as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anthelmintic, antifungal, insecticide, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and lowering total cholesterol and LDL-C levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the stabilization activity of red blood cell membranes on methanol partitioning, n-hexane partitioning and ethanol extract of basil leaves in vitro. This study used the erythrocyte membrane stabilization method from the induction of a hypotonic solution with samples of methanol partitioning, n-hexane partitioning and ethanol extract to be compared with a positive control, namely Na diclofenac. By analyzing the data using UV-Vis spectrophotometry test. These results were supported by the ANOVA statistical test which stated that there was a difference in each treatment and continued with the Tukey test which stated that there was no difference between 100 ppm diclofenac sodium and 400 ppm ethanol extract.Keywords: Extract, Basil (Ocimum americanum) Leaf, In Vitro. AbstrakTumbuhan Kemangi (Ocimum americanum) berkhasiat sebagai aktivitas sebagai anti-inflamasi dan analgesik. Menurut penelitian Sarma dan Babu, 2011.,Verma dan Kothiyal, 2012 menunjukkan aktivitas kemangi sebagai antioksidan, antimikroba, anti diabetes, antihelmintik, antifungi, insektisida, antiinflamasi, analgesic, dan menurunkan kadar total kolesterol dan LDL-C. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas stabilisasi membran sel darah merah pada partisi metanol, partisi n-heksan dan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode stabilisasi membran eritrosit dari induksi larutan hipotonik dengan sampel partisi metanol, partisi n-heksan dan ekstrak etanol yang akan dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif yaitu Na diklofenak. Dengan analisis data menggunakan uji spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil ini didukung dengan uji statistik ANOVA yang menyatakan terdapat perbedaan pada setiap perlakuan dan dilanjutkan uji tukey yang menyatakan tidak ada perbedaan pada natrium diklofenak 100 ppm dengan ekstrak etanol konsentrasi 400 ppm.Kata Kunci : Ekstrak, Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum), In Vitro.


Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2626
Author(s):  
Wael Sobhy Darwish ◽  
Abada El Sayed Khadr ◽  
Maher Abd El Naby Kamel ◽  
Mabrouk A. Abd Eldaim ◽  
Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed ◽  
...  

Ceratonia siliqua (Carob) is an evergreen Mediterranean tree, and carob pods are potentially nutritive and have medicinal value. The present study was carried out to estimate the possible biological activities of phytochemical-characterized carob pod aqueous extract (CPAE). The phytochemical contents of CPAE were determined by using colorimetric methods and HPLC. In addition, the free radical scavenging properties and anti-diabetic, anti-hemolytic, and antimicrobial activities were estimated by using standardized in vitro protocols. The phytochemical analysis revealed that CPAE was rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, where it contained a significant amount of gallic acid, catechin, and protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, CPAE exhibited strong antioxidant activity where it prevented the formation of 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide free radicals. Additionally, it had a potent inhibitory effect against digestive enzymes (amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase). Moreover, CPAE exhibited anti-Staph aureus, anti-Escherichia coli, anti-Candida albicans, and anti-herpes simplex type I virus (HSV-I). Finally, CPAE protected the erythrocyte membrane from hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis. Altogether, CPAE could be regarded as an interesting source of biologically active antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial preparation for a potential application in pharmaceutical and food supplement fields.


Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Norfarahin Hasim ◽  
Mimi Azliha Abu Bakar ◽  
Md Asiful Islam

Hyponatraemia is a known complication in hospitalised children receiving maintenance intravenous fluid. Several studies have been published to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravenous fluids in children. However, there is still an ongoing debate regarding the ideal solution to be used in the paediatric population. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the safety and efficacy of administering isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluid in hospitalised children. An extensive search was undertaken on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library on 28 December 2020. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. We used the random-effects model for all analyses. Risk ratio (RR) and mean difference with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for dichotomous and continuous outcomes, respectively. The quality of each study was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for RCTs. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021229067). Twenty-two RCTs with a total of 3795 participants were included. The studies encompassed surgical and medical patients admitted to intensive care unit as well as to general wards. We found that hypotonic fluid significantly increases the risk of hyponatremia at both ≤24 h (RR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.26–0.43, p < 0.00001) and >24 h (RR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.36–0.64, p < 0.00001). Isotonic fluid increases the risk of hypernatraemia at ≤24 h (RR 2.15; 95% CI: 1.24–3.73, p = 0.006). The prevalence of hyponatraemia was also higher in the hypotonic group at both ≤24 h (5.7% vs. 23.3%) and >24 h (6.0% vs. 26.3%). There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of developing adverse outcomes between the two groups. Mean serum and urine sodium as well as serum osmolality/osmolarity was lower in the hypotonic group. Isotonic solution is protective against the development of hyponatraemia while hypotonic solution increases the risk of hyponatraemia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G Turner ◽  
Leonid Tyan ◽  
Sami Stroebel ◽  
Frank DeGuire ◽  
Di Lang ◽  
...  

Background: Caveolae membrane structures harbor mechanosensitive chloride channels (MCCs) which form a swelling-activated chloride current ( I Cl,swell ) and play an important role in cell volume regulation and mechano-electrical signal transduction. However, the role of muscle-specific caveolar scaffolding protein caveolin-3 (Cav3) in regulation of MCCs expression, activity, and contribution to cell viability in response to mechanical stress remains unclear. We hypothesized that Cav3-based mechano-protection is enabled by complimentary expression of MCCs. Methods and Results: Experiments were performed on native (Cav3-) and Cav3-transfected (Cav3+) HEK-293 cells. Cell stretch was mimicked by light (220 mOsM) or extreme hypoosmotic swelling (<20mOsM). Cav3+ HEK-293 cells were significantly resistant to extreme hypotonic solutions (15 minute incubation) compared to Cav3- HEK-293 cells, and this mechano-protection was significantly reduced when exposed to I Cl,swell selective inhibitor DCPIB (1 μM). We found that three MCCs (ClC-2, ClC-3, and SWELL1, also known as LRRC8A) contain caveolin-binding motifs in their structure, indicating their possible localization in caveolae structures. Co-IP analysis confirmed association of SWELL1 with Cav3. Interestingly, Cav3+ HEK-293 cells showed a significant (by 2-fold) increase of SWELL1 protein level, while ClC-2/3 protein levels remained unchanged. This was accompanied by a 2-fold increase of I Cl,swell , but no change in mRNA expression levels. FRET analysis showed a <10 nm membrane and intracellular association between Cav3 and tested MCCs. Furthermore, Cav3/SWELL1 membrane FRET efficiency was halved in light hypoosmotic solution, as well as after disruption of caveolae structures via cholesterol depletion by 1-hour treatment with 10 μM methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Cav3/ClC-2/3 average membrane FRET efficiency remained unchanged in hypotonic solution. Conclusions: We concluded that of MCCs tested, SWELL1 abundance and activity is regulated by Cav3 and that their association relies on membrane tension and caveolae integrity. The present study highlights the mechano-protective properties of Cav3 which are partially facilitated by complimentary SWELL1 expression and activity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 030006052110100
Author(s):  
Jinzhong Duanmu ◽  
Yahang Liang ◽  
Zhixiang Huang ◽  
Yongming Tan ◽  
Taiyuan Li ◽  
...  

Duodenal cavernous haemangiomas are rare, benign disorders, and massive gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a rare clinical condition. The present case report describes a 50-year-old male patient who presented with severe, ongoing haematochezia. A peripheral blood smear at the time of admission showed significant anaemia, and haemoglobin level was 52 g/l (normal range, 120–175 g/l). Albumin level was also low at 28 g/l (normal range, 40–55 g/l). Standard computed tomography (CT) showed mural thickening and relative lumen stenosis in the ascending (fourth) portion of the duodenum. Contrast-enhanced CT using hypotonic solution revealed the lesions to be hypervascular haemangiomas. Laparotomy and segmental duodenum resection were performed, and the first jejunal limb was anastomosed using a side-to-end technique. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of cavernous haemangioma. The patient showed marked improvement during follow-up. The present case findings emphasize that duodenal haemangioma is possible without a history of chronic anaemia, and should remain a consideration in differential diagnosis for patients presenting with massive GI bleeding. CT is useful for preoperative diagnosis of massive bleeding, and surgery with segmental resection is usually curative.


2021 ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
Inna P. Novgorodova

Relevance. Cytogenetic studies are in demand to identify carriers of hereditary anomalies. In order to obtain metaphase plates of the chromosomes of various animal species, we optimized the usual method, taking into account some adjustments.Methods. The main research criterion was the selection of a hypotonic solution for cytogenetic studies in sheep and goats. 3 variants of using hypotonic solutions were considered: 0.56% solution of potassium chloride; distilled water and 0.56% solution of potassium chloride; 2% solution of sodium citrate and 0.56% solution of potassium chloride (1:1). For the cultivation of peripheral blood cells, blood was taken from the jugular vein of animals (goats n = 8, sheep n = 11).Results. The cells were cultured according to the generally accepted method. The results of the conducted studies showed that the quality of the preparations differed depending on the components used. The optimal parameters for the preparation of chromosomes with a good distribution were obtained by culturing sheep lymphocyte cells using 0.56% potassium chloride as a hypotonic solution (20 min) and ranged from 14.29 to 25.00%. For cytogenetic studies in goats, optimal results were found when using a 2% solution of sodium citrate with a 0.56% solution of potassium chloride (1:1) for 20 minutes — from 13.33 to 25.00%. Each option allowed to reduce the loss of cells during the preparation of chromosome preparations for a certain type of animal. Thus, the developed protocol for obtaining metaphase plates using a 2% solution of sodium citrate with a 0.56% solution of potassium chloride (1:1) as a hypotonic solution is optimal when used in goats, while the classical method (0.56% solution of potassium chloride) was most suitable for sheep. 


Langmuir ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyu Guo ◽  
Hiroaki Ito ◽  
Yuji Higuchi ◽  
Klemen Bohinc ◽  
Naofumi Shimokawa ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Farhana Ahmed ◽  
Fahima Aktar ◽  
Mohammad A Rashid ◽  
Mohammad Sharifur Rahman

Bangladesh is a land of thousands of plants which might provide a scope to obtain therapeutically important natural drugs. Systematic screening of plants is very vital to fulfill this goal. Quisqualis indica (L.) is a vine and it belongs to the Combretaceae family. It grows all over the Bangladesh. It has some local uses to treat headache, skin disease, diarrhea, fever, cough, etc. In order to assess its biological potential, the leaves of the plant were collected and subjected to methanol extraction followed by fractionating into petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble materials. Primary free radical scavenging power of the extractives was evaluated using the radicals generated by DPPH and H2O2. Methanol crude extract as well as aqueous and chloroform fractions showed noticeable radical scavenging potential. Besides, these extracts had higher level of phenolics. The membrane stabilizing potential of the extractives was estimated based on the prevention of hemolysis of RBC prompted by hypotonic solution as well as heat. The aqueous fraction showed the highest level of membrane stabilizing potential indicating its primary anti-inflammatory ability. The extractives were also subjected to thrombolytic study. Mild thrombolytic ability was displayed by them compared to the standard. Further studies are required to explore bioactive compounds. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(2): 99-104, 2021


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
Farzana Kabir ◽  
Asif Uj Jaman ◽  
Rizia Azad Rumpa ◽  
Tabassum Jannat ◽  
Safaet Alam ◽  
...  

As there is a resurgence of interest in plants as promising sources of new active pharmaceutical constituents, the present study has been designed to establish the preliminary biological activities of Blumea clarkei Hook.f. leaves. Here, the crude methanol extract of the leaves along with its organic and aqueous soluble fractions were subjected to different in vitro and in vivo assays. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction exhibited the highest total phenolic content (71.59 mg of GAE/gm of extract) and DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50 value 19.25 μg/ml) whereas another polar fraction; the aqueous soluble extractive showed the maximum cytotoxicity (LC50 value of 18.60 μg/ml) in the brine shrimp lethality assay. In membrane stabilizing activity evaluation, the inhibition of hypotonic solution and heat induced hemolysis were revealed maximum by the DCM (30.64%) and aqueous soluble fraction (39.15%), respectively while the crude methanol extract exhibited the highest thrombolytic potential (30.47% clot lysis). The central analgesic activity of the crude extract significantly increased the latent response time in tail-immersion method (p<0.001) at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight after 90 minutes of administration when compared to the control group. In acetic acid-induced writhing method, the plant extract showed prominent peripheral analgesia (p<0.001) with 47.54% and 65.57% inhibition at 200- and 400-mg/kg of body weight, respectively. In addition, a dose dependent hypoglycemic and antidiarrheal activities were also observed by the crude extract. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(2): 149-158, 2021


2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 171-184

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Trypan blue is routinely used in cell culture experiments to distinguish between dead cells, which are labelled by trypan blue, and viable cells, which are apparently free of any staining. The assumption that trypan blue labelling is restricted to dead cells derives from the observation that rupture of the plasma membrane correlates with intense trypan blue staining. However, decades ago, trypan blue has been used to trace fluid uptake by viable macrophage-like cells in animals. These studies contributed to the concept of the reticuloendothelial system in vertebrates. Trypan blue itself does not show a fluorescence signal, but trypan blue-labelled proteins do. Therefore, intracellular localization of trypan blue-labelled proteins could give a clue to the entrance pathway of the dye in viable cells. METHODS: We used fluorescence microscopy to visualize trypan blue positive structures and to evaluate whether the bactericide, silver, enhances cellular trypan blue uptake in the brain macrophage-like cell line, BV-2. The pattern of chromatin condensation, visualized by DAPI staining, was used to identify the cell death pathway. RESULTS: We observed that silver nitrate at elevated concentrations (≥ 10 µM) induced in most cells a necrotic cell death pathway. Necrotic cells, identified by pycnotic nuclei, showed an intense and homogenous trypan blue staining. Apoptotic cells, characterized by crescent-like nuclear chromatin condensations, were not labelled by trypan blue. At lower silver nitrate concentrations, most cells were viable, but they showed trypan blue labelling. Viable cells showed a cell-type specific distribution of heterochromatin and revealed a perinuclear accumulation of bright trypan blue-labelled vesicles and, occasionally, a faint homogenous trypan blue labelling of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Amiloride, which prevents macropinocytosis by blocking the Na+ / H+ exchange, suppressed perinuclear accumulation of dye-labelled vesicles. Swelling of cells in a hypotonic solution induced an intense intracellular accumulation of trypan blue. Cells exposed to a hypotonic solution in the presence of 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB), which blocks volume-regulated ion channels, prevented labelling of the cytoplasm and nucleus but did not affect labelling of perinuclear vesicles. CONCLUSION: In viable cells trypan blue-labelled vesicles indicate trypan blue uptake by macropinocytosis and trypan blue-labelled cytosol could indicate a further entry pathway for the dye, like activated volume-regulated channels. Accordingly, fluorescence microscopic analysis of trypan blue-labelled cells allows not only a discrimination between necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathway but also a discrimination between the mode of trypan blue uptake in viable cells - via pinocytosis or via activated volume-regulated ion channels - in the same preparation at the single cell level.


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