Party Members and Activists in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Meléndez ◽  
Sebastián Umpierrez de Reguero
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Party Membership ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Party Members

Despite existing literature that often conflates the terms party membership and party activism, the first is a formal ascription with a given party organization, while the second entails a set of practices, whether sporadic, informal, or devoted, that (a group of) individuals perform to support a political party either during an electoral campaign or more permanently, independently of being enrolled in the party or not. Party members and activists can be analyzed from both the normative model of democracy and the inner functioning of political parties. Focusing on Latin America, party membership and party activism are related to various types of party organizations, social cleavages, and party identification. Individuals join, and/or work for, parties to gain tangible benefits, information, social advantages, and influence, as well as mental satisfaction, without which they could lose financial resources, time, and alternative opportunities. Moreover, prior contributions on party membership and activism based on Latin American countries has emphasized the functions party supporters have as connectors between the citizenry and the party organizations. In this regard, scholars conceive members’ participation not only as a mechanism for party rootedness (“vertical” function), but also as a connection between social and partisan arenas (“horizontal” function). In the region, the research area of party membership and activism portrays virtues and limitations in methodological terms both at the aggregate and the individual level. As a future research agenda, party membership and activism in Latin America should be further studied using comparative strategies, avoiding the pitfalls of public opinion research, not to mention making additional efforts to keep the two terms conceptually distinct. Also, party members and activists can be explored in transnational perspective, joining forces with the blooming literature of political party abroad.

Party Organizational Structure in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Rules Of Procedure ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Electoral Performance ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction

Partisan organizations are the set of structured patterns of interaction among political cadres and members alike that are prescribed either by formal rules of procedure or by traditions and unwritten rules. Scholars of Latin America have generally described local partisan organizations as weak but have also devoted significant attention to the study of informal party structures, whose robustness and complexity have tended to contrast with the general fragility of their formal counterparts. Although important data-related challenges have precluded more systematic and generalizable analyses of the causes and consequences of party organizations, meticulous theoretical works and case studies have explored the questions of what organizations look like, how they operate, how they were built, and what outcomes they result in. This literature has identified ideational and tangible resources as the primary predictors of organizational strength. Strong and easily identifiable party brands provide both politicians and partisans with incentives to join and remain in a political party even in times of bad electoral performance and limited selective benefits. Material resources are shaped by countries’ institutional frameworks and structure politicians’ priorities in terms of their career ambitions and their relationships to voters and partisans. In turn, robust organizations have been associated with longer party survival and a narrower margin of action of the party leaderships. The presence of an extended network of party members and sympathizers make parties more resilient to short-term challenges, which is no small feat in a region marked by relatively high electoral volatility and many institutions of fleeting existence. The recent release of several important data sets and the proliferation of knowledge of how parties work create exciting avenues for future research.

Management and sustainability dilemmas in Latin America: introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Olivia Hernandez-Pozas ◽  
Maria Jose Murcia ◽  
Enrique Ogliastri ◽  
Miguel R. Olivas-Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Editorial Work ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Sustainability Challenges ◽  
Specific Contribution

PurposeThis article introduces readers to the Special Issue (SI, 34-1) of ARLA, edited (not exclusively) with the best papers of the Academy of Management's Specialized Conference, scheduled for April 2020 in Mexico City. The COVID-19 pandemic forced its cancellation, but the expert peer review and editorial work continued, to contribute to the emerging literature on Latin American Management and Sustainability.Design/methodology/approachGuest editors contributed their expertise based on required editorial processes and focused literature reviews on Management and Sustainability.FindingsThere are large management and sustainability challenges to Latin American practitioners and researchers, resulting in an increasingly urgent need to systematically document similarities and differences in the fields of Management and Sustainability. It is so because the region has been affected as few others before, during and after the pandemic. Thus, this issue summarizes the literature, presents eight new studies and offers suggestions for future research.Research limitations/implicationsManagement and sustainability in Latin America are wide subjects, with different dimensions and issues. This is a specific contribution that leaves much ground to be covered in the different subfields of the area, in research methodologies and conclusions.Originality/valueAn agenda for advancing the field of management and sustainability in Latin America, highlighted by the COVID-19 disruption; additionally, eight of the most advanced research in the field are presented, chosen from two tracks of a large number of contributions to a recent specialized conference organized by the Academy of Management.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Encephalitis in Latin America: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel de Albuquerque Vasconcelos ◽  
Rodrigo Montenegro Barreira ◽  
Karmelita Emanuelle Nogueira Torres Antoniollo ◽  
Alina Maria Nuñez Pinheiro ◽  
Cíntia Fernandes Rodrigues Maia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Epidemiologic Factors ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis

Autoimmune encephalitis is an increasingly recognized cause of encephalitis. The majority of case series report patients residing in developed countries in the northern hemisphere. The epidemiologic features of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America are still unclear. The aim of the study was to perform a review of the clinical presentation of autoimmune encephalitis in Latin America and compare to world literature. References were identified by an in-depth literature search and selected on the basis of relevance to the topic and authors' judgment. We selected clinical studies and case reports published from 2007 to July, 2020 including patients from Latin American countries. Of the 379 patients included, the majority were cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (93.14%), followed by anti-VGKC-complex encephalitis (N = 17; 4.48%), anti-GAD encephalitis (N = 9; 2.37%), anti-AMPA receptor encephalitis (N = 1; 0.26%), anti-GABA receptor encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%), anti-mGluR5 encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%), and anti-mGluR1 encephalitis (N = 1; 0. 26%). Reported cases of Anti-NMDA encephalitis in Latin-America had a very slight female predominance, lower prevalence of associated tumors and a lower incidence of extreme delta brush on electroencephalogram. Autoimmune encephalitis is possibly underdiagnosed in underdeveloped countries. Its outcome after treatment, however, appears to be similarly favorable in Latin American patients as has been reported in developed countries based on available case reports and case series. Regional specificities in the manifestation of autoimmune encephalitis could be related to epidemiologic factors, such as the presence of different triggers and different genetic and immunologic background, that need to be studied by future research.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL PUBLIC EXPENSES: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH AGENDA

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARISSA MARCHIORI PACHECO ◽  
MARINA KOLLAND DANTAS ◽  
CLÁUDIA SOUZA PASSADOR ◽  
LARA BARTOCCI LIBONI-AMUI
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Future Research Agenda

Abstract Several studies analysed the environmental public expenditures, its allocation and role as an instrument for public action. However, there is still a gap in the literature, since there are no works that integrate and systematize the existing knowledge. Therefore, we conducted an integrative literature review, and selected thirty articles for synthesis, classification and coding based on a system proposed by the authors. We identified that researches on this field are still recent and publications are concentrated in Europe and Latin America. Regarding the research methods, the qualitative approach based on case studies was used to develop the majority of the studies. Also, the studies in general combined different spheres of analysis, discussing topics on performance and description of expenses. The results showed that there is a need for studies that promote themes such as transparency, accounting organization and the creation of indicators, enabling deeper analysis. An agenda with eight research suggestions was proposed based on observed theoretical limitations.

Viewpoint: the need to evolve to a service logic mindset in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Reynoso
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Service Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Logic

Purpose The purpose of this viewpoint is to discuss the need to evolve from a service marketing approach to a service logic mindset throughout the organization in Latin America. In doing so, it addresses a void in the service literature due to the lack of attention on its uniqueness in this region. Design/methodology/approach To confirm the predominant approach of studying service and the need for a paradigm shift in service organizations, two independent journal article searches during 1989–2020 were conducted. The purpose was to learn where Latin American service researchers are focusing their research efforts and to discuss how the meaning of service applies to this region. Findings Forty-eight journal articles were analyzed and six distinctive groups were identified where service researchers are focusing their work on Latin America. Service has been studied mainly from the marketing perspective; with limited original research published in indexed journals; focused on making product-oriented promises, increasingly enabled by technology. The need for developing a service logic mindset throughout the organization has begun to be emphasized rather recently in the field. The variety of meanings of service and the complex context represent challenges for this enterprise. Research limitations/implications Future research is needed to work on a more comprehensive conceptualization of service at higher levels of analysis. Further context studies are required to enrich knowledge on service in Latin America. Service researchers and organizations should work on these two challenges to continue moving from the marketing perspective of service to a service logic mindset throughout the organization. Originality/value The paper points out the relevance of conducting further service research in Latin America, arguing that service has been studied mainly from the marketing perspective, and claiming the need to move to a service logic mindset. This viewpoint opens a discussion in the service research community toward a paradigm shift that, although inspired in Latin America, may not be necessarily limited to this region.

Blockchain security research: theorizing through bibliographic-coupling analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lurdes D. Patrício ◽  
João J. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Bibliographic Coupling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Coupling Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Stage Of Development

PurposeThe continuous presence and intensity of the Internet of things (IoT) in our lives and the risk of security breaches in traditional transactional and financial platforms are the major cause of personal and organizational data losses. Blockchain emerges as a promised technology to ensure higher levels of data encryption and security. Thus, this study aims to develop a systematic literature review analyzing the previous literature and to purpose of a framework to better understand the process of blockchain security.Design/methodology/approachThe 75 articles reviewed were obtained through the Scopus database and a bibliographic-coupling analysis was developed to identify the main themes of this research area, via VOSviewer software.FindingsThe results enable the categorization of the existing literature revealing four clusters: 1) feasibility, 2) fintech and cryptocurrency, 3) data trust and share and 4) applicability. Blockchain technology is still in its early stage of development and counting on researchers in security and cryptography to take it further to new highs, to allow its applicability to different areas and in long-term scenarios.Originality/valueThis systematic literature creates a base to reduce the blockchain security literature gap. In addition, it provides a framework that enables the scientific community to access the main subjects discussed and the articulation between concepts. Furthermore, it enhances the state-of-the-art literature on blockchain security and proposes a future research agenda.

Voting Behaviour

2020 ◽  
pp. 399-411
Author(s):  
Spyros Kosmidis
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Party Identification ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Class Membership ◽  
Social Cleavages ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Cross National

The chapter reviews studies and shows evidence related to several aspects of the voting behaviour of Greek citizens, in contrast to other similar and dissimilar democracies. It begins with a historical overview of social cleavages and their role in determining coalitions amongst different segments of the electorate. It continues to evaluate the role of group (i.e. party identification) and class membership by reviewing national and cross-national research. It also shows empirical evidence using the available data sources. The chapter continues with a review of studies looking into the role of economic conditions in shaping vote choices, and aims to identify a future research agenda.

Knowledge management in entrepreneurial universities

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 3226-3257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giustina Secundo ◽  
Valentina Ndou ◽  
Pasquale Del Vecchio ◽  
Gianluigi De Pascale
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Entrepreneurial University ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrepreneurial Universities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
State Of Research

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the knowledge management (KM) literature within Entrepreneurial universities, providing an overview of the state of research and outlining a future research agenda. Design/methodology/approach In a systematic literature review, 1106 articles indexed at Scopus were initially submitted to a bibliometric analysis. Finally, 150 papers published in a variety of academic journals specializing in the field of Entrepreneurship, KM and Higher Education were analyzed through a content and a bibliometric analysis to minimize mistakes in interpreting findings of collected studies. Findings KM within entrepreneurial university is a research area of growing importance. Findings show that literature on KM models and tools in the entrepreneurial university is fragmented and dominated by unrelated research. Content analysis shows heterogeneous literature, but four major research streams emerge: knowledge transfer in university–industry collaboration; knowledge creation in entrepreneurship education; KM processes for university spin-offs; entrepreneurial university to support knowledge-based regional development. The results show a failure to address the implications of findings for policy makers, which risks making KM in entrepreneurial universities research irrelevant. Research limitations/implications Although different structured literature reviews (SLRs) exist separately in the field of KM and entrepreneurial universities, to the authors’ best knowledge, no studies exist in the intersection between the two fields. Originality/value The paper presents the first attempt to provide a comprehensive SLR of the articles dealing with models and processes of KM in the entrepreneurial university. Despite the increasing literature, this research area is still fragmented and undertheorized, thus requiring more systematic and holistic studies, considering both the economic and the social aspects of KM within universities. The paper’s findings can offer insights into future research avenues.

Consumer cosmopolitanism in international marketing research: a systematic review and future research agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Makrides ◽  
Olga Kvasova ◽  
Alkis Thrassou ◽  
Elias Hadjielias ◽  
Alberto Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
International Marketing ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Research Agenda

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to systematically collate and scrutinize the state of the art on consumer cosmopolitanism (CCOS) from an international marketing perspective and to provide a foundation for future research on the subject matter to proliferate and prosper.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review of the extant literature was conducted focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published in major marketing, international business and management journals.FindingsA systematic analysis of 44 journal articles shows that CCOS research is a rapidly growing research stream in the international marketing field. However, at the same time, the results reveal a lack of coherent and consistent conceptual underpinning, conflicting empirical findings regarding the profile and behavior of cosmopolitan consumers, persisting knowledge gaps, as well as methodological and contextual weaknesses.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to consolidate the pertinent literature on CCOS. In doing so, it provides a roadmap for future research with reference to theory, context and methodology based on the research inconsistencies and knowledge gaps identified, contributing toward the development of this research area.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Future Research Agenda ◽  
Women’S Representation

In the concluding chapter, Lesile A. Schwindt-Bayer brings together the findings from the arena and country chapters to draw general conclusions about gender and representation in Latin America. She highlights that the chapters show the weakness of cultural and socioeconomic explanations for increases in women’s representation, and instead, they demonstrate the importance of political institutions and the current political context as causes of women’s representation. The chapters show that the consequences of women’s representation are mixed. Women in office promote women’s issues and have worked to improve social policy, but little evidence exists that women are transforming the gendered nature of political arenas. Additionally, the presence of women in different arenas of representation has improved attitudes toward gender equality and democracy but to relatively small degrees. The chapter concludes by describing areas where more research is needed to help set a future research agenda on gender and representation in Latin America.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document