Gangs and Violence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley Bullard ◽  
Shannon Reid
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Gang Violence ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Focused Deterrence ◽  
Perpetrators And Victims ◽  
Female Gang Members ◽  
The Impact

Much of the ongoing concern about the presence of gangs and gang members in the community has to do with the association between street gangs and violence. Decades of research on street gangs demonstrates the complexity of the violent perpetration and victimization of gang members. Although the violence attributed to gang members reached its peak in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gang members continue to be disproportionately involved in violence, both as perpetrators and victims. Understanding gang violence requires careful consideration of the overlapping and intersecting relationships between violence and gang identity, victimization, perpetration, gender, and space. Violence plays an important role in the creation and maintenance of gang identity. Research on violence participation by gang members has demonstrated that gang violence can have both symbolic and instrumental purposes, and that this violence helps the gang build a collective identity and makes violence more normative. Despite some continued misconceptions about the role of female gang members and their presence in gangs, women make up a substantial portion of gang members, and any discussion of the relationship between gangs and violence must also consider the impact of gender on violence participation and victimization. Both male and female gang members are impacted by violence, but levels of participation and types of risk can vary by gender. The complex and gendered aspects of gang violence can make the prevention, intervention, and suppression of gang violence difficult tasks for law enforcement and policymakers. There are a range of perspectives on how best to reduce gang violence. Some researchers advocate early prevention programs to keep youth from joining gangs; others focus on ways to pull youth out of gangs at critical moments, such as when they enter emergency services. Other programs and policies are aimed at reducing gang violence that is ongoing in the community. These programs, such as Operation Ceasefire and Project Safe Neighborhoods, have utilized a focused deterrence framework to curb gang violence. All of these programs are aimed at reducing the amount of violence gang members participate in an attempt to minimize the risk of future violent victimization. Research on gang violence continues to grow and includes new avenues of research. The utilization of innovative methodologies, such as social network analysis, and new areas of research, such as examining the impact of social media on gang violence, continue to advance our knowledge of gang violence and its causes, correlates, and impact.

The Meaning and Gendered Culture of Getting High: Gang Girls and Drug Use Issues

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey P. Hunt ◽  
Karen Joe-Laidler ◽  
Kristy Evans
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
The Social ◽  
Female Gang Members ◽  
Gang Life

This paper explores drug use in the lives of female gang members. Gang researchers have traditionally neglected the roles that females play in street gangs. More recent efforts have begun to examine the social life of young women and to uncover the extent to which the women develop a subculture within a male-dominated environment. In analyzing the culture of drug use in gang life, we uncover the extent to which women use illicit drugs in a highly gendered way. We focus on the ways in which female gang members use drugs in a recreational manner, in a social setting where drug taking is normative behavior. Data for this paper are drawn from an ongoing study of street gangs in the San Francisco Bay area in which 168 female gang members were interviewed using both a quantitative and a qualitative interview schedule.

scholarly journals Enhancing Learning Through Reflection– A Case Study of SEEU

SEEU Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brikena Xhaferi ◽  
Gezim Xhaferi
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Learning through reflection is one of the most interesting experiences that students might have. It is considered a very good tool for self-assessing learning. It is believed that “teachers who promote reflective classrooms ensure that students are fully engaged in the process of making meaning” (Costa and Kallick, 2008, para.5). Dewey (1991) was among the first researchers who based his work and research on the positive roles that reflection plays in fostering self-reflection and critical thinking. He has defined it as an active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief. Reflections give students opportunities to think and reflect about their learning and note down the obstacles they might face during this process. The present study aims to investigate the impact of journal writing in promoting critical-thinking skills, and its impact on enhancing learning. The study uses two instruments, a student refection journal and an interview. Also, Marzano’s New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives developed in 2000 was used in the third phase of the study. This Taxonomy contains Three Systems: the Self-system, the Metacognitive system and the Cognitive system. The overall study results show that reflection journals help students to become more independent learners, reflect on their learning experiences and identify the most useful learning strategies. Most importantly, all study participants hold positive attitudes towards reflection and they consider it as a valuable tool which can increase learning.

scholarly journals Making Sense of Murder: The Reality versus the Realness of Gang Homicides in Two Contexts

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Marta-Marika Urbanik ◽  
Robert A. Roks
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Gun Violence ◽  
Gang Violence ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Street Culture ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Gang Life

Despite the proliferation of research examining gang violence, little is known about how gang members experience, make sense of, and respond to peer fatalities. Drawing from two ethnographies in the Netherlands and Canada, this paper interrogates how gang members experience their affiliates’ murder in different street milieus. We describe how gang members in both studies made sense of and navigated their affiliates’ murder(s) by conducting pseudo-homicide investigations, being hypervigilant, and attributing blameworthiness to the victim. We then demonstrate that while the Netherland’s milder street culture amplifies the significance of homicide, signals the authenticity of gang life, and reaffirms or tests group commitment, frequent and normalized gun violence in Canada has desensitized gang-involved men to murder, created a communal and perpetual state of insecurity, and eroded group cohesion. Lastly, we compare the ‘realness’ of gang homicide in The Hague with the ‘reality’ of lethal violence in Toronto, drawing attention to the importance of the ‘local’ in making sense of murder and contrasting participants’ narratives of interpretation.

scholarly journals When Machines Take the Beans: Ex-Ante Socioeconomic Impact Evaluation of Mechanized Harvesting of Mungbean in Bangladesh and Myanmar

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Lutz Depenbusch ◽  
Cathy Rozel Farnworth ◽  
Pepijn Schreinemachers ◽  
Thuzar Myint ◽  
Md Monjurul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Women Farmers ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Weather Shocks ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural mechanization has spread across much of Asia since the 1960s. It has increased agricultural productivity and reduced arduous farm work. However, differing impacts for smallholders and hired laborers, and for men and women, require careful consideration. This study analyzed, ex-ante, the likely social and economic tradeoffs of mechanizing the mungbean harvest in Bangladesh and Myanmar. We used a mixed methods approach combining survey data from 852 farm households with in-depth interviews in four villages. Partial budget analysis shows that mechanical harvesting of mungbean is not yet profitable for most farms. There is nevertheless an incentive to mechanize as the associated timeliness of the harvest reduces the risk of harvest losses from weather shocks. Men and women farmers expect time savings and reduced drudgery. The results confirm that hired workers depend on manual harvesting for income and status in both countries. Most hired workers are landless married women with limited access to other sources of income. In the short term, farmers are likely to combine manual harvests and a final mechanized harvest of the indeterminate crop. This could mediate the impact on hired workers. However, in the long term, it will be necessary to facilitate income-generating opportunities for women in landless rural families to maintain their well-being and income.

scholarly journals Online Recruitment: A Cognitive Perspective of Job Seekers in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwash Raj Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
It Adoption ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Technology Deployment ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Online Recruitment ◽  
Facilitating Conditions ◽  
The Impact

IT adoption is more than just technology deployment; it requires careful consideration of social-cognitive factors. With this premise, in this paper, the behavioral intention of job seekers to use online recruitment services in Nepalese context has been examined on the basis of five determinants: Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Subjective Norms, Objective Norms and Facilitating conditions. The impact of predictor on outcome variable is examined using multiple regression analysis. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) has been used as basic foundation of the study.

“Mother’s Health and Well-Being Matters: Is a Mediated Social Cohesion Public Health Intervention Feasible?”

2021 ◽  
pp. 089011712110553
Author(s):  
Cheryl Jones ◽  
Marley Gibbons ◽  
Kate Magsamen-Conrad ◽  
Kathleen T. Ulanday ◽  
Jessica Watterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Washington Heights ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Purpose To test the feasibility of introducing ‘Free Time for Wellness’ (FT4W) an intervention to increase healthy behaviours and reduce the risk of cancer. Design Feasibility study; Setting: Washington Heights, New York, USA is a low socioeconomic status area. Subjects Mothers aged 18 and above with children under 12 years of age and living in Washington Heights were recruited. Intervention FT4W, a community-based intervention delivered through a neighbourhood-based app, offering weekly dance and yoga classes, food pantry visits and group playdates. Childcare professionals cared for participants' children during wellness activities. Measures A bespoke before and after survey was designed and tested for its ability to collect relevant data to assess the impact of FT4W. Outcomes included recruitment rates, participation, attrition, acceptability, and success of the community champion. Analysis Comparisons of proportions and means Results Twenty-one mothers participated in the study of which 90% attended ≥ 1 FT4W activity; 65% ≥ 2; 52% ≥ 3. The survey was completed by a 100% of participants indicating it was easy to understand and not too burdensome. All measures detected change in constructs from baseline to follow-up. Availability of childcare was the most commonly (66%) reported reason participants were able to engage in the offered wellness activities. Conclusion Conducting a larger-scale trial to assess the impact of FT4W is feasible considering 4 major lessons. (1) Recruitment, retention, and acceptability rates were high; however, moms need additional support to increase participation in wellness activities and improve tech literacy. (2) Research measures were sensitive enough to detect change, but the timing of assessments needs to be considered. (3) Participants greatly valued access to professional childcare. (4) The Community Champion is a necessary, but difficult role to fill that requires careful consideration by the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Evaluating the impact of decontamination interventions performed in sequence for mass casualty chemical incidents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Collins ◽  
Natalie Williams ◽  
Felicity Southworth ◽  
Thomas James ◽  
Louise Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Human Volunteer ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Uv Photography ◽  
Chemical Incidents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Skin

Abstract The Initial Operational Response (IOR) to chemical incidents is a suite of rapid strategies including evacuation, disrobe and improvised and interim decontamination. IOR and Specialist Operational Response (SOR) decontamination protocols involving mass decontamination units would be conducted in sequence by UK emergency services following a chemical incident, to allow for safe onward transfer of casualties. As part of a series of human volunteer studies, we examined the effectiveness of IOR and SOR decontamination procedures alone and in sequence. Specifically, we evaluated the additional contribution of SOR, when following improvised and interim decontamination. Two simulants, methyl salicylate (MeS) with vegetable oil and benzyl salicylate (BeS), were applied to participants’ skin. Participants underwent improvised dry, improvised wet, interim wet, specialist decontamination and a no decontamination control. Skin analysis and UV photography indicated significantly lower levels of both simulants remaining following decontamination compared to controls. There were no significant differences in MeS levels recovered between decontamination conditions. Analysis of BeS, a more persistent simulant than MeS, showed that recovery from skin was significantly reduced following combined IOR with SOR than IOR alone. These results show modest additional benefits of decontamination interventions conducted in sequence, particularly for persistent chemicals, supporting current UK operational procedures.

Trust, efficacy and ethicacy when testing prisoners for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Lambert ◽  
Dean Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Current System ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and subsequent COVID-19 illness has had a major impact on all levels of society internationally. The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on prison staff and prisoners in England and Wales is unknown. Testing for COVID-19 both asymptomatic and symptomatic, as well as for antibodies, to date, has been minimal. The purpose of this paper is to explore the widespread testing of COVID-19 in prisons poses philosophical and ethical questions around trust, efficacy and ethicacy. Design/methodology/approach This paper is both descriptive, providing an overview of the widespread testing of COVID-19 in prisoners in England and Wales, and conceptual in that it discusses and argues the issues associated with large-scale testing. This paper provides a discussion, using comparative studies, of the issues associated with large-scale testing of prisoners across the prison estate in England and Wales (120 prisons). The issues identified in this paper are contextualised through the lens of COVID-19, but they are equally transferrable to epidemiological studies of any pandemic. Given the prevalence of COVID-19 globally and the lack of information about its spread in prisons, at the time of writing this paper, there is a programme of asymptomatic testing of prisoners. However, there remains a paucity of data on the spread of COVID-19 in prisons because of the progress with the ongoing testing programme. Findings The authors argue that the widespread testing of prisoners requires careful consideration of the details regarding who is included in testing, how consent is gained and how tests are administered. This paper outlines and argues the importance of considering the complex nuance of power relationships within the prison system, among prisoner officers, medical staff and prisoners and the detrimental consequences. Practical implications The widespread testing of COVID-19 presents ethical and practical challenges. Careful planning is required when considering the ethics of who should be included in COVID-19 testing, how consent will be gained, who and how tests will be administered and very practical challenges around the recording and assigning of COVID-19 test kits inside the prison. The current system for the general population requires scanning of barcodes and registration using a mobile number; these facilities are not permitted inside a prison. Originality/value This paper looks at the issues associated with mass testing of prisoners for COVID-19. According to the authors’ knowledge, there has not been any research that looks at the issues of testing either in the UK or internationally. The literature available details countries’ responses to the pandemic rather and scientific papers on the development of vaccines. Therefore, this paper is an original review of some of the practicalities that need to be addressed to ensure that testing can be as successful as possible.

The Confluence of Individual Autonomy and Collective Identity in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meera Alagaraja ◽  
Kristin Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Indian Woman ◽  
Household Resources ◽  
The Impact

The Problem In India, more household resources are spent on the education of sons than daughters; access to health and education reflects gender inequalities regardless of caste; poor women in India suffer malnourishment, and under- and unemployment. While there exists a steady stream of research on gender disparities and poverty in India, few studies have focused on gender disparities in wealthier communities. Yet, economic development as a whole will be more equal, more sustainable, and more rapid when gender inequalities are addressed. The Solution We explore gender inequity qualitatively through a single biography of an Indian woman, one of the authors. Using the power of cultural differences between researchers; a U.S. American interviewed the Indian researcher, we make sense of a narrative of an Indian woman caught between her desire to pursue education and career and her family’s and community’s expectation that she marry and start her own family. The study offers insights that extend knowledge about the increasing tensions between individual choice and the collective ethic that are experienced in India as the country transitions into a free market economy. The Stakeholders By focusing on the biography of a woman caught between family and community expectations and her own aspirations for education and career, the article highlights the impact of globalization, and macro- and micro-level economic, and sociocultural, forces that produce unique challenges and tensions in a fast growing market-based economy. Public policy makers play an important role in assessing the impact of national human resource development (NHRD) policies and practices that emphasize equal opportunities for women and other marginalized communities in a country such as India.

scholarly journals Improvement of the Impact Properties of Composite Laminates by Means of Nano-Modification of the Matrix—A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Saghafi ◽  
Mohamad Fotouhi ◽  
Giangiacomo Minak
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Compression After Impact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reviews recent works on the application of nanofibers and nanoparticle reinforcements to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, to reduce the impact induced damage and to improve the compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. The nanofibers have been mainly used as mats embedded between plies of laminated composites, whereas the nanoparticles have been used in 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional patterns to reinforce the matrix and consequently the composite. The reinforcement mechanisms are presented, and a comparison is done between the different papers in the literature. This review shows that in order to have an efficient reinforcement effect, careful consideration is required in the manufacturing, materials selection and reinforcement content and percentage. The selection of the right parameters can provide a tough and impact resistant composite with cost effective reinforcements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document