Christian and Islamic Nubia, 543–1820

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Zurawski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Original Culture ◽  
Water Wheel ◽  
New Religion ◽  
Early 18Th Century

In the 6th century, after the arrival of the Christian missionaries from Constantinople, Nubia became the southernmost outpost of Byzantine culture in Africa. New religion brought new sacral iconography and literary genres based on Greek, which became the sacred language of the Nubian liturgy and hymnology. The Greco-Byzantine elements diluted in the indigenous African traditions created an original culture in the Middle Nile that preserved much of its Byzantine ideal until the fall of the Christian Kingdoms in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, at the beginning of the 11th century, Nubia witnessed the process of nationalization of its culture, which is evidenced by the proliferation of the Nubian language in official documents and visitors’ graffiti in the churches. The economy of Christian Nubia was enhanced by the high productivity of the riverine agriculture based on the widespread use of the water wheel (saagiya) and trade. Nubia played the role of intermediary in the exchange between Africa’s interior and the Mediterranean. However, the profitable trade in slaves, cattle, and gold was stripped of its benefits when the traditional north–south routes diverged from the Nile Valley, thus avoiding the Nile checkpoints where the duties in kind were levied from the caravans by the Christian rulers. The first symptoms of Nubia’s political decline appeared in the 9th century when the Arabs started to settle in the gold-bearing regions along the Nile. The fall of the Christian Kingdom of Makuria was preluded by a period of total dependence on the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt, who openly interfered in the dynastic disputes among the Nubian ruling families. The outbreak of the second plague pandemic in the mid-14th century destabilized the Nubian economy, ruined the agriculture, and forced people to turn to God and the heavenly intercessors for help. In the 15th century, Nubia reverted to its original state of political segmentation and anarchy under the rule of petty kinglets who could not prevent the subjugation of Upper Nubia to Funj Sultans and Lower Nubia to the Ottomans. The last attempt at military unification of the Middle Nile by an indigenous power was the ascendance of the Islamized Nubian tribe of the Shaiqiyya, which in the early 18th century dominated a huge part of the Middle Nile. The coming of the Mamlūk refugees from Egypt in 1811 weakened the Shaiqiyya’s supremacy. Ten years later the Middle Nile was incorporated into the Ottoman eyālet of Egypt governed by Muhammed Ali.

Anders Celsius’ Contributions to Meridian Arc Measurements and the Establishment of an Astronomical Observatory in Uppsala

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Stempels
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Astronomical Observatory ◽  
Far North ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Earth ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
Modern Astronomy ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
The Way

AbstractAstronomy has been on the curriculum of Uppsala University from at least the middle of the 15th century. However, since Uppsala also was the ecclesiastical centre of Sweden, the acceptance of new ideas, such as the Copernican heliocentric system, was slow. At the same time, more peripheral universities in the Swedish empire, including Dorpat/Tartu, enjoyed a larger freedom. It was not until the early 18th century that a ‘modern’ astronomy emerged in Uppsala. This effort was to a large extent led by Anders Celsius (1701-1744), who was able to establish good international contacts with astronomers in continental Europe. Celsius participated in De Maupertuis’ expedition to the far north of Sweden, in order to measure the meridian arc and determine the shape of the Earth. This paper explores how Celsius became involved in De Maupertuis’ expedition, and how this effort paved the way to the establishment of a fully equipped astronomical observatory, including an extensive collection of books and instruments, most of which survives up to this day.

scholarly journals Opera Dilogy der Beglückte Florindo (“Florindo Made Happy”) and Die Verwandelte Daphne (“Daphne Metamorphosed”) by G.F. Handel / Problem of Plot Formation

2020 ◽  
pp. 904-913
Author(s):  
Maria A. Kosheleva
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Unrequited Love ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Baroque Music ◽  
Performance Traditions ◽  
Baroque Opera ◽  
Early 18Th Century

In line with the interest of domestic researchers in libretto of vintage operas and Baroque music theatre, this article turns over a new leaf of the G.F. Handel’s operas of his early period, and also puts them into the context of the performance traditions of the Hamburg State Opera at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Der beglückte Florindo (“Florindo made happy”) and Die verwandelte Daphne (“Daphne metamorphosed”) are the operas, which were performed on the stage of the Hamburg Theatre at the Gänsemarkt square (lit. Geese Market) and became not only the first G.F. Handel’s try on the genre of pastorals, but also a prime example of a Baroque opera dilogy. As the composer’s music sheets have been almost completely lost, the author is focused on the preserved texts of the libretto and sets an objective to identify their specificity in the context of plot formation of a Baroque opera. This article makes an attempt to analyze Handel’s opera dilogy in fine detail. Thus, the author reveals the underlying dramatic conflict between two gods – Phoebus and Cupid, determines the number of pairs of characters involved in the love dramaturgical line and provides schemes depicting their relationships. In addition, there are enlisted key plot motifs such as mutual/unrequited love motif, motif of suffering, death motif, hatred motif, revenge motif and guile motifs. The identification of the role of each of these motifs in the plot contributes to the confirmation of the hypothesis that Handel’s dilogy belongs to the traditional samples of the early 18th century operatic texts, which are distinguished by the complex intrigue, the intricate love relationships of characters, the typical plot and situational schemes

scholarly journals The Religion Faith of the Kyrgyzs

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 631-641
Author(s):  
Amantur Aidaraliev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Xxist Century ◽  
Religious Sects ◽  
The Right ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Former Ussr

Kyrgyzstan is a multi-ethnic and multi-faith society. This study highlights the role of religion in the development of Kyrgyz society in the XXth Century and the revival of it in the XXIst Century. In former USSR (Soviet Union) countries, these periods called “pre-Soviet era”, “Soviet-era” and “post-Soviet era”. The whole period during which the Kyrgyzs was exposed to Islam and adopted the faith divided into the following stages: i) from 9th to 14th centuries, ii) from 15th century to the second half of the 18th century, iii) from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, iv) from 1918 to 1991 (Soviet-era, atheism period), v) from 31 August 1991 (the date of the Independence Day and the collapse of the Soviet Era) to 2000, vi) from 2000 to present (Revival of Islam and other sects). The study discusses the development of islam in Kyrgyzstan at the above periods. Also, the development of post-Soviet democratic reforms in the Kyrgyz Republic has enabled the provision of many Islamic literatures, basic human rights, including the right to religious freedom. A democratic and open atmosphere in post-Soviet time had increased faith of true believers, however, is also attracted all kinds of non-traditional religious sects and groups. Thus, religion policy is used for various strategic and ideological dimensions and the role of religion in politics and in the life of society must be considered as one of the most important topic.

Tambov viceroyalty – a new stage of the administrative and territorial structure of the Tambov region

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
Ruslan N. Shutov
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Provincial City ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
The Status ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The research is devoted to the study of the significance of the Tambov viceroyalty as one of the stages of the administrative and territorial structure of the Tambov region. The main problem was to determine the role and significance of the viceroyalty in the process of developing a separate administrative and territorial unit with the center in Tambov. For the analysis of this topic, both historical and interdisciplinary research methods were used: historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-legal. The political and administrative system created by Peter I remained incomplete. The existing shortcomings of the system of local and gubernatorial administration, becoming more and more obvious, pushed Catherine II to reform local government. The main merit of the ongoing reform is the creation of local government, acting independently. It can be said that the “Institutions for the Administration of the Governorates of the All-Russian Empire” became a document of “great strength” by historical standards – they basically operated until the liberal reforms of the 1860s, to a certain extent – until October 1917. Changes related to the local administration of Russia in the 18th century they directly affected the status and role of Tambov. The provincial city of the early 18th century became by the end of the same century the center of the vast Black Earth governorate.

ACCOUNTABILITY AND FINANCIAL CONTROL AS ‘PATRIOTIC’ STRATEGIES: ACCOMPTANTS AND THE PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE IN LATE 17TH AND EARLY 18TH - CENTURY IRELAND

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip O'Regan
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Glorious Revolution ◽  
Economic Wealth ◽  
The Public ◽  
Structural Responses ◽  
The Glorious Revolution ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The decades immediately following the Glorious Revolution in 1688 witnessed a variety of political, social and structural responses to this cataclysmic event. In Ireland, religious conflict and economic under-development, as well as the devastation of war from 1689 to 1691, combined to ensure that the Anglo-Irish body politic found it difficult to capture the fruits of success from an English polity that had gradually accreted to itself much of the political power and economic wealth of the country. By 1704, however, the Anglo-Irish had managed to appropriate to themselves some of the economic and constitutional benefits of the Revolution by exploiting various parliamentary practices and structures. One of their strategies centered around developing and leveraging the role of the Public Accounts Committee as a means of imposing accountability on the executive and its officials. To achieve this the members were required to understand, contest and reconfigure official accounting information.

scholarly journals AKAR DAN BUAH TEGALSARI: DINAMIKA SANTRI DAN KETURUNAN KIAI PESANTREN TEGALSARI PONOROGO

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Dawam Multazam
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Early Development ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Pesantren Tegalsari Ponorogo that was born in the early 18th century is considered to have an important role in the history of Islam in Nusantara. This Pesantren is even believed as the first boarding institution and was born in 1742. This article examines historically the forerunner and the early development of Pesantren Tegalsari. Then, the role of students and descendants of kiai. By using the method of historical research and data mining to written documents, interviews, and observations, it is concluded that Pesantren Tegalsari has a close relationship with the elite in the past such as the Wali Songo and the King of Majapahit. In addition, through the students and descendants of kiai, these schools also have a major role in society, both in the propagation of Islam as well as in politics.

scholarly journals Musik – Sprache – (Sprach-)Bild. Zur Semiotizität italienischer barocker Gleichnisarien (2. Teil)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Agnetta
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Textual Structure ◽  
Music And Language ◽  
Sign Systems ◽  
Why Questions ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The aim of the present study is to describe some of the possible relations between music, language and verbal picture (or metaphor) which are given in the drammi per musica of the early 18th century and, especially, in four allegorical arias in Vivaldi’s opus La Griselda (1735). This paper sketches some aspects of the cooperation between librettist (Goldoni) and composer (Vivaldi) as well as the importance of metaphor for the interlinkage of music and language in such arias. The essay is divided up into two parts: the first part, which has been presented in ATeM 2 (2017), outlines the bipartite textual structure of the mentioned simile arias (metaphoric vs. literal stanza) which recalls the same two-piece structure of renaissance and baroque emblems. The second part which is presented in the following will focus on the interaction of poetic language, verbal image and Vivaldi’s music in the mentioned simile arias. Here it is explained why questions on musical semantics primarily require a theory of the sign occurrence before generalizations can be carried out on the level of sign systems. The contribution also sheds light on the central role of internal sign learning processes that may transcend arias, entire operas and other combined artworks.

scholarly journals The Catholicon of the Monastery of Agios Panteleimon on the Island of Ioannina, Greece

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-140
Author(s):  
Ioannis P. Chouliarás ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Entrance Door ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church ◽  
Semicircular Arch ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The monastery is located at the SE end of the settlement of the Island and became widely known in modern history, as Ali Pasha was assassinated in its cells in 1822. The catholicon today is a three-aisled basilica with a quadruple roof and in its present size was probably built at late 17th or early 18th century. The aisles are separated by wooden colonnades. The W and N walls, probably most of the E, were rebuilt after their destruction in the early 19th century by falling rocks. In the E there is a semicircular arch. The original church was supposed to be a small one-aisled with a semicircular arch, traces of which were discovered on the SE side of the modern church.The monastery is located at the SE end of the settlement of the Island and became widely known in modern history, as Ali Pasha was assassinated in its cells in 1822. The catholicon today is a three-aisled basilica with a quadruple roof and in its present size was probably built at late 17th or early 18th century. The aisles are separated by wooden colonnades. The W and N walls, probably most of the E, were rebuilt after their destruction in the early 19th century by falling rocks. In the E there is a semicircular arch. The original church was supposed to be a small one-aisled with a semicircular arch, traces of which were discovered on the SE side of the modern church.From the early building phase the modern church has incorporated part of the S wall, which dates to the early 15th century. On the W side was added a late 19th-century loggia, which is roofed with a sloping roof lower than that of the church and possibly replaced an older one. The column of the loggia comes from an earlier building phase of the church. On the W side is raised a rectangular narthex, possibly of the same date as the loggia, which is roofed with a quadruple roof. The present entrance door to the main church is located at the W end of the S wall, while the original door was opened in the middle of the same wall and has been walled today. There is a small conch above the walled door.The church is built of stone with irregularly placed stones. More elaborate construction on the arch with carved stones in the pseudo-isodomic system. On the S wall between the stones are inserted bricks. Brick arched frame is formed above the walled gate. The fresco decoration of the catholicon is confined to the outer front of the S wall and the lower parts of the main church. It is of particular importance, as we distinguish five post-Byzantine phases, the first of which at the end of the 15th century. The first is located in the E part of the outer front of the S wall. The rest continue to the W on the outer front of the same wall and on the lower parts inside the main church.In the initial phase of the frescoes belong the Deisis with the Christ and the Virgin, as well as the frontal St. Nicholas, behind the Virgin. The upper parts of the scene have been repainted. The next phase, which can be dated to the 16th century, involves the half-bodied Christ above the conch of the S wall, who blesses with open arms and two full-length archangels on either side of the conch, who have also been repainted. In the third phase of the painting belongs the enthroned Virgin holding the Child amid two angels, pictured behind her massive wooden throne. The composition is to the right of the entrance door to the church. This layer is precisely dated by a dedicatory inscription bearing the date ZΡKϚ (= 1617/18). The penultimate phase is found only in the interior of the catholicon, in the lower parts of the sanctuary, and on the N and S walls of the main church, where a decorative zone is distinguished. The feet of at least two saints are visible on the N wall, another figure of saint next to the iconostasis on the S wall and to the right of the doorway to the church the lower part of the body of a frontal archangel, who steps on a cloud. Above the door there should have been the inscription, mentioned by Aravantinos, but not preserved today, and bearing the date ΑΨΖ (= 1707). During the late 19th century, the outer conch of the S wall was painted with St. Panteleimon, who is depicted half-bodied and holding a vessel and a scalpel.The building phases of the catholicon and the multiple layers of its decoration make it one of the most important monuments of the Ioannina area, as it locates the oldest known frescoes on the Island and throughout the Ioannina basin. At the same time, after reading of one of the dedicatory inscriptions, it was possible to distinguish more clearly the painting layers and to make more effective use of the older reading, by Aravantinos, of the inscription in the interior of the catholicon.

Protestant Pioneers in Sanskrit Studies in the Early 18th Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-144
Author(s):  
Toon Van Hal
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Unpublished Manuscript ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Summary Sanskrit has played a notable role in the history of the language sciences. Its intensive study at the turn of the 19th century went hand in hand with the institutionalization of linguistics as an independent academic discipline. This paper endeavours to trace the earliest Sanskrit studies conducted by Protestant missionaries in Tranquebar (present-day Tharangambadi in Tamil Nadu) under the auspices of the Dänisch-Hallesche Mission from 1706 onwards. In contrast to some of their Jesuit colleagues, the Protestant missionaries did not leave us full-blown manuscript grammars. However, this does not imply that the Tranquebar missionaries had no interest in the sacred language of the Hindus. It was, of course, the primary concern of all missionaries to spread the word of Christ among the indigenous people. Hence, they placed an extremely high value on a firm command of the local vernacular languages. In the case of the Tranquebar missionaries, the study of both Portuguese and Tamil was, therefore, prioritized. In a second stage, however, many of the Tranquebar missionaries, once they had mastered the local vernaculars, gained interest in Sanskrit, which they frequently styled ‘Malabaric Latin’. Partly on the basis of unpublished manuscript sources, this paper (a) investigates why the Tranquebar missionaries were interested in Sanskrit in the first place, (b) surveys the numerous problems they had to overcome, and (c) studies their interaction with scholars working in Europe, from whom they received many incentives. In so doing, the paper investigates to what extent this 18th-century interest in Sanskrit reflects a fascination with the original traditional culture and religion of South India. In conjunction with this, the paper also examines to what extent this largely overlooked chapter in early Sanskrit philology may shed an indirect light on the specific role of Sanskrit in the institutionalization of linguistics.

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