Derivational Morphology

Author(s):  
Rochelle Lieber

Derivational morphology is a type of word formation that creates new lexemes, either by changing syntactic category or by adding substantial new meaning (or both) to a free or bound base. Derivation may be contrasted with inflection on the one hand or with compounding on the other. The distinctions between derivation and inflection and between derivation and compounding, however, are not always clear-cut. New words may be derived by a variety of formal means including affixation, reduplication, internal modification of various sorts, subtraction, and conversion. Affixation is best attested cross-linguistically, especially prefixation and suffixation. Reduplication is also widely found, with various internal changes like ablaut and root and pattern derivation less common. Derived words may fit into a number of semantic categories. For nouns, event and result, personal and participant, collective and abstract noun are frequent. For verbs, causative and applicative categories are well-attested, as are relational and qualitative derivations for adjectives. Languages frequently also have ways of deriving negatives, relational words, and evaluatives. Most languages have derivation of some sort, although there are languages that rely more heavily on compounding than on derivation to build their lexical stock. A number of topics have dominated the theoretical literature on derivation, including productivity (the extent to which new words can be created with a given affix or morphological process), the principles that determine the ordering of affixes, and the place of derivational morphology with respect to other components of the grammar. The study of derivation has also been important in a number of psycholinguistic debates concerning the perception and production of language.

Author(s):  
И.Н. ЦАЛЛАГОВА

Композитное словообразование привлекает внимание ученых еще с середины XX в. Такой интерес обусловлен, с одной стороны, комплексной и неоднозначной сущностью композитов, с другой, тем фактом, что их основная функция – пополнение словарного запаса языка – явление непрерывное. Динамика процессов, происходящих в языке, неразрывно связана с жизнью общества, с социально-экономическими и политическими явлениями. Образование новых слов продиктовано самой сутью языка – обеспечением потребности человека в языковых средствах. Суть словосложения в том, что для обозначения какого-либо нового предмета или явления, или же его признака, происходит образование новой лексемы путем соединения двух и более основ. После этого процесса лексема функционирует в языке, при этом ее семантика может быть неотделимой от семантики составляющих ее компонентов, или же она приобретает совершенно новое значение. Исследования данного порядка имеют огромное значение для любого языка, но особенно это актуально для так называемых «малых языков». Несмотря на то, что вопросы композитного словообразования в той или иной степени отражены в трудах, посвященных осетинскому языку и его диалектам, многое здесь остается неясным, в особенности это касается дигорского диалекта. В существующих грамматиках дигорского диалекта данные вопросы описаны лишь в общих чертах; специальных исследований в области композитного словообразования на сегодняшний день не существует. Данная статья посвящена одной из частных проблем в рамках этой темы: рассмотрению композитов-прилагательных в дигорском диалекте осетинского языка. В работе дается обзор базовых теоретических проблем, связанных с композитообразованием, анализируются научные подходы к изучению прилагательных-композитов, как в лингвистике в целом, так и в осетинском языкознании. На основе существующей теоретической базы дигорские композиты-прилагательные анализируются и систематизируются. Выявлены способы формирования наиболее продуктивных словообразовательных моделей сложных прилагательных, проведен частеречный анализ образующих их компонентов. Composite word formation has been constantly attracting the attention of scientists since the middle of the XXth century. This interest is due, on the one hand, to the complex and ambiguous nature of composites, on the other, to the fact that their main function is to replenish the vocabulary of the language, which is a continuous phenomenon. The dynamics of the processes occurring in the language is inextricably linked with the life of society, with socio-economic and political phenomena. The formation of new words is dictated by the very essence of the language - ensuring a person's need for linguistic means. The essence of the word composition is that to designate a new object or phenomenon, or its sign, a new lexeme is formed by combining two or more stems. After this process, the lexeme functions in the language while its semantics can be inseparable from the semantics of its constituent components or it acquires a completely new meaning. Studies of this order are of great importance for any language, but this is especially true for the so-called "minor languages". Despite the fact, that the issues of composite word formation are to a certain degree reflected in the works devoted to the Ossetian language and its dialects, there are many poorly studied issues, especially in the Digor dialect. In the existing grammars of Digor, these issues are described only in general terms, there are no separate studies in the field of composite word formation. This article is devoted to one of the particular problems within the framework of this topic: composites-adjectives in the Digor dialect of the Ossetian language. The study provides an overview of the basic theoretical problems associated with compositing, analyzes scientific approaches to the study of adjectives-composites, both in linguistics in general and in Ossetian linguistics. On the basis of the existing theoretical base, Digor adjective composites are analyzed and systematized. The ways of forming the most productive word-formation models of complex adjectives are revealed, a part-of-speech analysis of the components forming them is carried out.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 681-693
Author(s):  
Ariel Furstenberg

AbstractThis article proposes to narrow the gap between the space of reasons and the space of causes. By articulating the standard phenomenology of reasons and causes, we investigate the cases in which the clear-cut divide between reasons and causes starts to break down. Thus, substituting the simple picture of the relationship between the space of reasons and the space of causes with an inverted and complex one, in which reasons can have a causal-like phenomenology and causes can have a reason-like phenomenology. This is attained by focusing on “swift reasoned actions” on the one hand, and on “causal noisy brain mechanisms” on the other hand. In the final part of the article, I show how an analogous move, that of narrowing the gap between one’s normative framework and the space of reasons, can be seen as an extension of narrowing the gap between the space of causes and the space of reasons.


Africa ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. v. Warmelo

Opening ParagraphFew of the secrets that Africa still holds from us to-day have, I think, such an absorbing interest as the problem of Bantu in its relation to the neighbouring families and types of speech. Taking the continent of Africa as a whole, we find on the one hand the huge, yet marvellously homogeneous and compact body of the Bantu languages, clear-cut in structure, simple and transparent in phonology, and, at the back of much apparent diversity, exceptionally uniform in vocabulary. On the other hand there are in Africa numerous other languages of various type, which differ so much amongst each other that they have not yet been brought under any but the very broadest of classifications. The essential points of these are as follows.


2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
Dean Simpson

This article is a word study that analyses and interprets how Erasmus uses the adjective evangelicus, -a, -um in his New Testament Paraphrases. The development of the idiom ‘gospel-blank’ (evangelicus + noun) is analyzed diachronically; the phrases denoting gospel things are divided into six semantic categories. The study shows, on the one hand, that there is a general consistency in how evangelicus is used, the most common pairings predominating in most Paraphrases on the Epistles and Gospels, while, on the other, there is some broadening and lowering of the nouns with which evangelicus is joined, moving from the Paraphrases on the Epistles to the Gospel Paraphrases. Erasmus’ changing attitude to the project of paraphrasing the New Testament provides biographical and historical context in which to place the study’s findings. The study concludes by highlighting the New Testament Paraphrases as Erasmus’ humanistic response to worsening divisions in the early 1520s.


2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Flowerdew

Signalling nouns are nouns which have cohesive properties across and within clauses. A signalling noun is potentially any abstract noun the full meaning of which can only be made specific by reference to its context. Examples of nouns which can function as signalling nouns are attitude, assistance, difficulty, endurance, process, reason, result etc. Signalling nouns in discourse are closely associated with nominalisation and are problematic for learners. Based on a corpus of argumentative essays written by Cantonese L1 learners of English, this paper presents a taxonomy of error types and frequency data of the different error types in the use of signalling nouns. The paper then compares the average number of signalling nouns used per essay with grades awarded to the essays, on the one hand, and the numbers of signalling noun errors according to grades, on the other. In both cases there is a significant correlation. The findings confirm the intuitive idea that the use of signalling nouns adds to the overall coherence of a text.


1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Sen Gupta ◽  
PW Miles

Two strains of woolly aphis have been demonstrated in South Australia, the one ('Blackwood strain') able to attack varieties of apple resistant to the other ('Clare strain'). Both strains display well-defined differences in the ease with which they can colonize different varieties of apple and different parts of any one variety. These differences tend to be related to the composition of the tissues with respect to α-amino nitrogen and phenolics, but the most clear-cut correlation is an inverse one between the susceptibility of tissues and the ratio of phenolics to α-amino nitrogen in the tissue.


Author(s):  
Jim Wood ◽  
Neil Myler

The topic “argument structure and morphology” refers to the interaction between the number and nature of the arguments taken by a given predicate on the one hand, and the morphological makeup of that predicate on the other. This domain turns out to be crucial to the study of a number of theoretical issues, including the nature of thematic representations, the proper treatment of irregularity (both morphophonological and morphosemantic), and the very place of morphology in the architecture of the grammar. A recurring question within all existing theoretical approaches is whether word formation should be conceived of as split across two “places” in the grammar, or as taking place in only one.


Author(s):  
Dany Amiot ◽  
Edwige Dugas

Word-formation encompasses a wide range of processes, among which we find derivation and compounding, two processes yielding productive patterns which enable the speaker to understand and to coin new lexemes. This article draws a distinction between two types of constituents (suffixes, combining forms, splinters, affixoids, etc.) on the one hand and word-formation processes (derivation, compounding, blending, etc.) on the other hand but also shows that a given constituent can appear in different word-formation processes. First, it describes prototypical derivation and compounding in terms of word-formation processes and of their constituents: Prototypical derivation involves a base lexeme, that is, a free lexical elements belonging to a major part-of-speech category (noun, verb, or adjective) and, very often, an affix (e.g., Fr. laverV ‘to wash’ > lavableA ‘washable’), while prototypical compounding involves two lexemes (e.g., Eng. rainN + fallV > rainfallN). The description of these prototypical phenomena provides a starting point for the description of other types of constituents and word-formation processes. There are indeed at least two phenomena which do not meet this description, namely, combining forms (henceforth CFs) and affixoids, and which therefore pose an interesting challenge to linguistic description, be it synchronic or diachronic. The distinction between combining forms and affixoids is not easy to establish and the definitions are often confusing, but productivity is a good criterion to distinguish them from each other, even if it does not answer all the questions raised by bound forms. In the literature, the notions of CF and affixoid are not unanimously agreed upon, especially that of affixoid. Yet this article stresses that they enable us to highlight, and even conceptualize, the gradual nature of linguistic phenomena, whether from a synchronic or a diachronic point of view.


Author(s):  
Shunsuke Nakano ◽  
◽  
Takehisa Onisawa

This paper proposes a method to generate an attractive summary from a story and describes an attractive summary generation system based on the method. The system consists of two sections. The one is the section extracting an important part of a story, i.e., the part of a new turn of a story defined by the appearance frequency of new words in a story. The other is the section generating a summary from the extracted important part. This section chooses important sentences and deletes unnecessary phrases from the extracted part. Finally, this paper confirms the validity of the presented approach by subject’s experiments.


10.12737/5743 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Никифорова ◽  
Kh. Nikiforova ◽  
Маслов ◽  
A. Maslov ◽  
Просвиркина ◽  
...  

This article focuses on communicative language tradition in the language of legal documents. Authors dwell on the analysis of the «verbal communication » term and its understanding in modern science. As evidence, the analysis of this definition in various Russian and Chinese dictionaries is given. In addition, the article mentions the fact that the modern business communication (both Russian and Chinese), on the one hand, is under the influence of western business culture, and on the other hand, preserves communicative traditions of business letter. The authors note that the Chinese communicative tradition is more stable, which is observed in the lexical legislative «word creation». This phenomenon is due to the special way of «borrowing» of new words in Chinese. In addition, the article draws attention to the particular cultural meaning of lexical units of Chinese business documents.


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