Phonetics of Consonants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Fuchs ◽  
Peter Birkholz
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Voicing Contrast ◽  
Major Class ◽  
Aerodynamic Properties ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Manner Of Articulation

Consonants are a major class of sounds occurring in all human languages. Typologically, consonant inventories are richer than vowel inventories. Consonants have been classified according to four basic features. Airstream mechanism is one of these features and describes the direction of airflow in or out of the oral cavity. The outgoing airflow is further separated according to its origin, that is, air coming from the lungs (pulmonic) or the oral cavity (non-pulmonic). Consonants are also grouped according to their phonological voicing contrast, which can be manifested phonetically by the presence or absence of vocal fold oscillations during the oral closure/constriction phase and by the duration from an oral closure release to the onset of voicing. Place of articulation is the third feature and refers to the location at which a consonantal constriction or closure is produced in the vocal tract. Finally, manner of articulation reflects different timing and coordinated actions of the articulators closely tied to aerodynamic properties.

scholarly journals Time-Frequency Analysis of Kannada Phonetics

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-385
Author(s):  
Sharada C. Sajjan ◽  
Vijaya C
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Time Frequency Analysis ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Kannada Language ◽  
Energy Maximum ◽  
Manner Of Articulation

This paper presents phonetics of Kannada language and their classification based on time-frequency analysis. Each distinct sound of speech called phoneme is produced by changing the shape of the vocal tract tube. The resonances of the vocal tract tube called formant frequencies are responsible for producing different phonemes. It is observed that vowels (Swaragalu in Kannada) have clear formant structure and they are about 3 to 5 formant frequencies of significance below 5000 Hz. They are characterized by having high energy, maximum airflow and periodicity and are classified based on the location of formant frequencies. Consonants (Vyanjanagalu in Kannada) are classified based on voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation. Time-frequency analysis reveals that there are totally 37 distinct phonemes in Kannada language.

The Treatment of Nasal Elements by Early Arab and Muslim Phoneticians

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 285-305
Author(s):  
M. H. Bakalla
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Graphic Data ◽  
Voiceless Stop ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
Modern Arabic

Summary This article attempts to give a summary of the contribution made by early Arabs and Muslims in the field of phonetic sciences. Works by scholars like al-Khalīl (d.175/791), Sībawayhi (d.177/793), Ibn Jinnī (d.392/1002), Ibn Sīnā or Avicenne (d.428/1037) and others will be given special attention in this connection. In particular, it presents the various treatments of the Arabic nasal sounds and the phenomenon of nasalization. As a term of reference, the Arab and Muslim phoneticians divided the Arabic phonemes into categories such as: glottals, pharyngeals, palatals, dentals /l, r, n/, and labials /f, b, m, w/. Al-Khalīl is one of the first Arab phoneticians to order the Arabic phonemes in terms of place of articulation along the vocal tract from the glottis upward to the lips. His student, Sībawayhi, and later phoneticians also recognized other categories in terms of manner of articulation such as: voiced/voiceless, stop/ non-stop, rolled, lateral, nasals/m, n/, including variants, e.g. [ŋ, N]. Further, Sībawayhi and Ibn Jinnī seem to lay more emphasis on treating ghunna or nasality and other features in terms of binary distinctive feature analysis. The Muslim phoneticians also recognized that in certain contexts /n/ and /m/ may influence non-nasals, both vowels and consonants. In sum, a close look at the early Arab grammatical works reveals an underlying systematic approach and a rich mine of terminology which are relevant both to modern Arabic phonetics and general phonetics. Some instrumental (spectographic and mingo-graphic) data are included at the end of the article in order to support some of the descriptive techniques used in early phonetic heritage.

Assessment of Tongue Position and Laryngeal Height in Two Professional Voice Populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Carly Jo Hosbach-Cannon ◽  
Soren Y. Lowell ◽  
Raymond H. Colton ◽  
Richard T. Kelley ◽  
Xue Bao
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Acoustic Resonance ◽  
Contact Dynamics ◽  
Voice Disorder ◽  
Music Program ◽  
Tongue Position ◽  
Singer Groups ◽  
Professional Voice

Purpose To advance our current knowledge of singer physiology by using ultrasonography in combination with acoustic measures to compare physiological differences between musical theater (MT) and opera (OP) singers under controlled phonation conditions. Primary objectives addressed in this study were (a) to determine if differences in hyolaryngeal and vocal fold contact dynamics occur between two professional voice populations (MT and OP) during singing tasks and (b) to determine if differences occur between MT and OP singers in oral configuration and associated acoustic resonance during singing tasks. Method Twenty-one singers (10 MT and 11 OP) were included. All participants were currently enrolled in a music program. Experimental procedures consisted of sustained phonation on the vowels /i/ and /ɑ/ during both a low-pitch task and a high-pitch task. Measures of hyolaryngeal elevation, tongue height, and tongue advancement were assessed using ultrasonography. Vocal fold contact dynamics were measured using electroglottography. Simultaneous acoustic recordings were obtained during all ultrasonography procedures for analysis of the first two formant frequencies. Results Significant oral configuration differences, reflected by measures of tongue height and tongue advancement, were seen between groups. Measures of acoustic resonance also showed significant differences between groups during specific tasks. Both singer groups significantly raised their hyoid position when singing high-pitched vowels, but hyoid elevation was not statistically different between groups. Likewise, vocal fold contact dynamics did not significantly differentiate the two singer groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that, under controlled phonation conditions, MT singers alter their oral configuration and achieve differing resultant formants as compared with OP singers. Because singers are at a high risk of developing a voice disorder, understanding how these two groups of singers adjust their vocal tract configuration during their specific singing genre may help to identify risky vocal behavior and provide a basis for prevention of voice disorders.

scholarly journals Impact of Vocal Tract Resonance on the Perception of Voice Quality Changes Caused by Varying Vocal Fold Stiffness

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosario Signorello ◽  
Zhaoyan Zhang ◽  
Bruce Gerratt ◽  
Jody Kreiman
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Quality Changes ◽  
Vocal Tract Resonance

The sound structure of verb roots in modern Hebrew

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Morgenbrod ◽  
E. Serifi
Keyword(s):  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Compound Matrices ◽  
Sound Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
The Relationship

I. SOUNDS IN MODERN HEBREW Hebrew shorashim – the triliteral roots – have already been analysed from many points of view, for example in Morgenbrod & Serifi (1976, 1977, 1978). The aim of this article is an examination of the sound structure of shorashim.In general we can divide the consonants which form the shorashim into two different types; concerning (a) the manner of articulation (e.g. plosives, nasals, etc.); and (b) the place of articulation (e.g. bilabials, labiodentals, etc.).In this study we have concentrated on position of articulation and ignore manner of articulation.In Figure I the consonants forming the shorashim are related to the different kinds of sounds according to Wendt (1961).In order to investigate the relationship between the sounds it is convenient to establish so-called compound matrices with a computer. All computation was done by a program in COBOL running on the SIEMENS System 4004. As material for our analysis we took 2443 shorashim from the sources Barkaly (1972) and Even-Shoshan (1972).

Comments on the Myoelastic - Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo R. Titze
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Vibrational Amplitude ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Tissue Deformations ◽  
Chest Voice ◽  
Phase Differences

The myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation has been quantified and tested with mathematical models. The models suggest that vocal fold oscillation is produced as a result of asymmetric forcing functions over closing and opening portions of the glottal cycle. For nearly uniform tissue displacements, as in falsetto voice, the asymmetry in the driving forces can result from the inertia of the air moving through the glottis. This inertia can in turn be enhanced or suppressed by supraglottal or subglottal vocal tract coupling. More obvious and pronounced asymmetries in the driving forces are associated with non-uniform vocal fold tissue displacements. These are combinations of normal tissue modes, and can result in vertical and horizontal phase differences along the surfaces, as observed in chest voice. The ranges of oscillation increase among various models as more freedom in the simulated tissue movement is incorporated. Of particular significance in initiating and maintaining oscillation are the vertical motions that facilitate coupling of aerodynamic energy into the tissues and allow tissue deformations under conditions of incompressibility. Vertical displacements also can have a significant effect on vocal tract excitation. Control of fundamental frequency of oscillation (FO) is basically myoelastic, partially as a result of deliberate or reflex adjustments of laryngeal muscles, and partially as a result of nonlinear tissue strain over the vibrational cycle. This places limits on the control of FO by subglottal pressure, and forces such control to be inseparably connected with vibrational amplitude, or less directly, with vocal intensity.

scholarly journals POTENTIOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-REMOVABLE ORTHOPEDIC STRUCTURES AND INTRAORAL HALITOSIS

2018 ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
O.A. Udod ◽  
A.O. Hlivynska
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Maladjustment ◽  
Dental Alloys ◽  
The Third ◽  
Unpleasant Odor ◽  
Bioelectric Potentials

Introduction. The most popular type of dentures is permanent orthopedic structures. However, their use is a serious intervention that changes biological balance in the oral cavity through galvanic, reflex and toxic allergic effects. Because of this, galvanic currents appear in the oral cavity, which have an adverse effect on the oral mucosa and the physicochemical parameters of the oral fluid. As a result of increasing bioelectric potentials in the oral cavity, oral microbiocenosis disorders may occur, the periodontium pathology develops or worsens and an unpleasant odor arises, which in aggregate can cause a social maladjustment of the patient. It is known that the main intraoral factor in the development of halitosis is the unsatisfactory hygienic condition of the oral cavity. Non-removable dentures made from non-noble dental alloys can also significantly affect the development of intraoral halitosis. Objective. To study potentiometric parameters in patients with intraoral halitosis who have fixed orthopedic constructions made of various materials by various technologies. Methods and Materials. 158 people aged 35-55 years with fixed orthopedic constructions in the oral cavity in the amount of 5-8 units with a service life of 2-3 years were examined. Four groups were formed: with stamped-brazed dentures, with cast-denture prostheses from dental alloys, with cast-in-place titanium structures and a control group without disrupting the integrity of the dentition. All patients underwent a sanation of the oral cavity, professional hygiene and anti-inflammatory treatment. In addition, hygienic training of patients with quality control of personal hygiene was conducted. In the course of the study, 35 patients from the first and second groups after the complex treatment were replaced by replacing the existing dentures with orthopedic structures made of titanium. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the dynamics of indices of hygiene, PMA, organoleptic assessment of halitosis and potentiometric parameters. Results. As a result of the study, it was found that patients with dentures, manufactured with the help of the stamped-brazed technology, were characterized by high indices of hygiene (1.29 ± 0.18 points) and PMA (66.79 ± 2.48%). The I degree of halitosis was observed in 27 patients (41.5%) of this group, II degree was observed in 35 people (53.8%) and III degree in 3 people (4.6%). In the second group, the hygiene index was 0.97 ± 0.12, the PMA index was 65.57 ± 2.18%. In 33 patients (67.4%) I degree of halitosis was detected, in 16 patients (32.6%) – II degree. In the third group, the hygiene index was 0.84 ± 0.12, the PMA index was 56.23 ± 1.22. Unpleasant odor in the majority of patients in this group (40 people or 90.9%) was determined when approaching a distance of 10 cm, which corresponded to I degree of halitosis. Only 4 patients (9.1%) had halitosis of II degree. In the control group, the KPI index was 12.13 ± 0.24, the level of hygiene was on average 0.81 ± 0.12 points and 55.56 ± 1.13%, respectively. There were no organoleptic signs of halitosis in this group.

scholarly journals A new approach to glycan targeting: enzyme inhibition by oligosaccharide metalloshielding

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (31) ◽  
pp. 4056-4058 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Mangrum ◽  
Brigitte J. Engelmann ◽  
Erica J. Peterson ◽  
John J. Ryan ◽  
Susan J. Berners-Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibition ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Coordination Compounds ◽  
Bioinorganic Chemistry ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Major Class ◽  
And Function

Metalloglycomics – the effects of defined coordination compounds on oligosaccharides and their structure and function opens new areas for bioinorganic chemistry and expands its systematic study to the third major class of biomolecules after DNA/RNA and proteins.

Speech Production Following Partial Glossectomy

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Partial Glossectomy

Changes in the dimensions and patterns of articulation used by three speakers to compensate for different amounts of tongue tissue excised during partial glossectomy were investigated. Place of articulation was shifted to parts of the vocal tract congruent with the speakers' surgically altered lingual morphology. Certain metrical properties of the articulatory gestures, such as width of the sibilant groove, were maintained. Intelligibility data indicated that perceptually acceptable substitute sounds could be produced by such transposed gestures.

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