scholarly journals Urban Planning and Natural Hazard Governance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Marten ◽  
Theresa Abrassart ◽  
Camillo Boano
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Managing Risk ◽  
Inclusive Governance

The establishment of effective linkages between institutional urban planning and disaster risk strategies remains a challenge for formal governance structures. For governments at all administrative scales, disaster resilience planning has required systemic capacities that rely on structures of governance, humanitarian frameworks, and budgetary capacities. However, with growing urbanization trends, humanitarian responses and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) frameworks have had to adapt their operations in contexts with high population density, complex infrastructure systems, informal dynamics, and a broader range of actors. Urban areas concentrate an array of different groups with the capability of contributing to urban responses and strategies to cope with disaster effects, including community groups, government agencies, international organizations and humanitarian practitioners. In addition, cities have running planning structures that support their administration and spatial organization, with instruments that supply constant information about population characteristics, infrastructure capacity and potential weaknesses. Processes and data ascribed to urban planning can provide vital knowledge to natural hazard governance frameworks, from technical resources to conceptual approaches towards spatial analysis. Authorities managing risk could improve their strategic objectives if they could access and integrate urban planning information. Furthermore, a collaborative hazard governance can provide equity to multiple urban actors that are usually left out of institutional DRM, including nongovernmental organizations, academia, and community groups. Traditional top-down models can operate in parallel with horizontal arrangements, giving voice to groups with limited access to political platforms but who are knowledgeable on urban space and social codes. Their still limited recognition is evidence that there is still a disconnect between the intentions of global frameworks for inclusive governance, and the co-production of an urban planning designed for inclusive resilience.

scholarly journals Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Urban Planning

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Sonila Xhafa ◽  
Albana Kosovrasti
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information Systems ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Centers

Geographic information systems can be defined as a intelligent tool, to which it relates techniques for the implementation of processes such as the introduction, recording, storage, handling, processing and generation of spatial data. Use of GIS in urban planning helps and guides planners for an orderly development of settlements and infrastructure facilities within and outside urban areas. Continued growth of the population in urban centers generates the need for expansion of urban space, for its planning in terms of physical and social infrastructures in the service of the community, based on the principles of sustainable development. In addition urbanization is accompanied with numerous structural transformations and functional cities, which should be evaluated in spatial context, to be managed and planned according to the principles of sustainable development. Urban planning connects directly with land use and design of the urban environment, including physical and social infrastructure in service of the urban community, constituting a challenge to global levels. Use of GIS in this field is a different approach regarding the space, its development and design, analysis and modeling of various processes occurring in it, as well as interconnections between these processes or developments in space.

scholarly journals Discovering Urban Functional Polycentricity: A Traffic Flow-Embedded and Topic Modeling-Based Methodology Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1897
Author(s):  
Shaodong Wang ◽  
Yanbin Liu ◽  
Wei Zhi ◽  
Xihua Wen ◽  
Weihua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Function Distribution

With the rapid development of communication and transportation technologies, the urban area is increasingly becoming an ever more dynamic, comprehensive, and complex system. Meanwhile, functional polycentricity as a distinctive feature has been characterizing urban areas around the world. However, the spatial structure of the urban area has yet to be fully comprehended from a dynamic perspective, and understanding the spatial organization of polycentric urban regions (PUR) is crucial for issues related to urban planning, traffic control, and urban risk management. The analysis of polycentricity strongly depends on the spatial scale. In order to identify functional polycentricity at the intra-unban scale, this paper presents a traffic flow-embedded and topic modeling-based methodology framework. This framework was evaluated on real-world datasets from the Wujiang district, Suzhou, China, which contains 151,419 records of taxi trajectory data and 86,036 records of points of interest (POI) data. This paper provides a novel approach to examining urban functional polycentricity via combining urban function distribution and spatial interactions. This proposed methodology can help urban authorities better understand urban dynamics in terms of function distribution and internal connectedness and facilitate urban development in terms of urban planning and traffic control.

scholarly journals Peri-Urban Growth into Natural Hazard-Prone Areas. Mapping Exposure Transformation of the Built Environment in Nairobi and Nyeri, Kenya from 1948 to Today

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Fekete
Keyword(s):  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
City Centres ◽  
Risk Practice

Abstract Kenya experiences massive urban growth, also into natural hazard-prone areas, exposing settlements and the natural environment to riverine and pluvial floods and other natural hazards. While Nairobi as the capital and principal city has been extensively analysed regarding urban growth and flood hazard in some central parts, awareness of growing peri-urban areas has not been studied as much. The results are of interest to other locations in Kenya and worldwide, too, since the current research and disaster risk practice focus is still too much on megacities and city centres. Therefore, the study compares urban growth into hazard areas in urban rims of Nairobi and Nyeri, Kenya. A change assessment from 1948 to 2020 is conducted by aerial images, declassified satellite images, and recent data. Urban growth rates are 10 to 20-fold, while growth into flood exposed areas ranges from 3 to 100-fold. This study reveals unused opportunities for expanding existing land-use change analysis back to the 1940s in data-scarce environments.

scholarly journals LANDSCAPE APPROACH IN CITY-PLANNING

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris I. Kochurov ◽  
Yulia A. Khaziakhmetova ◽  
Irina V. Ivashkina ◽  
Ekaterina A. Sukmanova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Landscape Approach ◽  
Visual Research Methods ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
The City

Aim. The aim is to justify the application of the landscape approach in urban planning on the basis of theoretical concepts of landscape studies and the requirements of urban planning practices. Discussion. The basic scheme of the landscape approach is to study the natural and anthropogenic landscape as a complex geosystem consisting of a complex of various components which form the planning structure of the city. In territorial and urban planning, the structure and properties of natural and urban landscapes are revealed using functional, historical-genetic, morphotypic, geo-ecological and visual research methods. Abroad, a similar trend is called "landscape urbanism", the theoretical basis of which is based on the understanding that the best option for the organization of urban areas should be based on the landscape features of the city. With the use of the above-mentioned approaches, an urban landscape approach is being formed, a new nature-urban planning system which, in addition to natural complexes, includes man-made structures: buildings, infrastructure, parks and squares. If the natural landscape is a self-regulating geo-system, then the urban one is controlled by man. When taking actions to transform natural landscapes should be taken into account their structure and functioning, as well as the limits of possible impacts and the likely consequences of these changes. Conclusion. The demand for a landscape approach is constantly growing as a result of the significant transformation of modern cities, the replacement of architectural styles, the growth of urban space and communications, the desire to improve the quality of the urban environment and the comfort of the urban population.

scholarly journals The contribution of ineffective urban planning practices to disaster and disaster risks accumulation in urban areas: the case of former Kunduchi quarry site in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict F. Malele
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Coping Responses ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
The City

This study examined the link between urban planning practices and disaster risks. The study used the former Kunduchi Quarry Site within the City of Dar es Salaam to demonstrate how laxity in enforcing the laid down planning rules, regulations and procedures facilitates the accumulation and occurrence of disaster risks and disasters in urban areas. This undermines one of the central roles of urban planning, which is to protect the lives of people from disaster risks and disasters. In exploring this, the study specifically focused on understanding the rules, regulations and procedures of planning in Tanzania; the extent to which they are followed and, where they are not followed, their implications for disaster risks and disasters; the coping initiatives adopted by local communities to reduce risks and their level of success or failure; and finally the drawing of lessons and recommendations for disaster risk reduction in urban areas. Strongly emerging from this study is the finding that although planning rules and regulations do exist, they are not enforced. As a result urban communities suffer from disaster risks and disasters caused by unregulated activities. The study analyzed the coping initiatives that urban communities apply to reduce disaster risks in their areas. It noted that, while a range of “coping” responses could be observed, these are not lasting solutions to the disaster risks being faced. Sustainable solutions seem to be known by the local community but they are not adopted for fear of compromising or undermining their existing livelihood strategies.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Spatial Organization Characteristics in Reducing the Crime in Al-Hila City

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ameera J. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

"The present work is about an organized crime which is considered a serious phenomenon that generally comes upon the world and especially in the Iraqi area. In recent decades, Al- Hilla City has suffered from spread variety of crimes, which lead the citizens to lack the sense of security. For this reason, it is seen it is significant to study this phenomenon with a new parallel phenomenon which causes their appearance. In addition, it is thought that this topic has not been tackled yet. The problem of the study lies in the lack of holistic scientific knowledge about the role of the synthetic properties of spatial organization for the city of Al- Hilla in crime growing. The study aims at establishing a holistic knowledge of that role. To deal with the problem of the research, an inductive approach (descriptive- analytical) has been adopted. The data is got from the responsible security institutions and is analyzed through invest the calculation method (space syntax). The results of the research showed that there are four areas ((4 zones) where crime is concentrated in the city and the growth of crime is related to the change of the synthetic characteristics of spatial organization (Connectivity, control, and Integration) of urban space. On the other hand, the diversity of crime in urban areas is related to other parallel phenomena and not to the structural characteristics of urban space."

scholarly journals INVARIANTS AND ISOMERS OF URBAN SPACE

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-112
Author(s):  
Mykola Habrel ◽  
Mykhailo Habrel
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Internal Geometry ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
The City

The article assumes that the effectiveness of spatial development of the city largely depends on the analysis and consideration of new properties of space. The phenomena of isomerism and invariance as integral properties of urban space, their connection with other dimensions are studied. The theoretical provisions of the phenomenon of invariance and isomerism for urban planning are comprehended, their essence in relation to the problems of centrism is revealed; the role of urban networks and the dynamism of space; tasks of placing new objects in the complex spatial structure of cities. Approaches to the study and consideration of these characteristics in the spatial organization and development of urban systems are substantiated. The categorical-conceptual apparatus is specified. Invariants are quantities, ratios, and properties that do not change from the changes in the components associated with them. They determine the comfort of the environment, the availability of facilities, the effectiveness of solutions and other properties of the space. The phenomenon of invariance is revealed through the functional zoning of the territory, the concept of centrism and the center of cities, communication connectivity and configuration of the urban network, the location of new objects in urban space. These are the instrumental properties of urban space, which are concentrated around the human dimension and human needs. Isomers in urban planning are changes in the properties of urban space with a constant material structure and environment, which is usually associated with the position of a single element in the system. Understanding this phenomenon is important and effective for understanding the morphology and essence of urban systems. The city is an integral dynamic supersystem, and the development of urban space takes place both according to planned decisions and according to the laws of «living» matter. Space interacts with processes (social, technological, informational, functional and economic); combines squares, streets, recreational environment (parks, gardens, squares), creating their own social values. The principles and requirements for the use of invariance and isomerism in architectural and urban activities are substantiated. Invariants determine the proportions of the ratios of shapes and spaces, environmental friendliness, functionality, nodes and internal geometry of space. Isomeric properties of urban space form, as a rule, qualitative symbolic, aesthetic and historically significant urban elements. They: change the range of impressions for users due to changes in architectural and urban characteristics and interactions with the user; increase individual and collective personalization, as well as general identity; make the space safer for the population, provide continuity in their control; universalize the space, which allows to develop new activities and apply mixed functionalities; organize urban nodes as spaces with high connectivity to other urban nodes and zones. The requirements to the formation of urban space are substantiated: the correct definition of the proportional relations between closed and open space, shape and size; environmental friendliness; functional sufficiency; the internal geometry of space must be determined by man; nodal places as invariants should direct people to cross space in all directions - to guarantee visually expressive entrances, attractive visual landmarks, accessibility, convenience of being near them and in them; the label must meet the criteria of scale and traditional design. It is proved that the use of isomerization provisions and urban invariants can be effective for the recovery and effective development of the urban organism. 

scholarly journals GEOMETRIC PROBLEMS IN URBANISM

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (161) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
M. Habrel
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Geometric Dimension ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Geometric Problems ◽  
Urban Geometry ◽  
The City

The article considers the phenomenon of urban geometry and the essence of geometric problems in urban planning. The proposed approach corresponds to the generally accepted understanding of cities through knowledge of the arts, humanities, social sciences and engineering. Geometry expands the understanding of cities and processes in them both in the historical context and in modern realities and conditions. The definiteness of the geometric dimension in the problems of spatial organization and development of urbanized systems is confirmed. Professional consideration and use of geometric indicators and properties is a condition for increasing the validity of architectural and urban planning decisions. The geometry of the functional city was based on ideas and solutions that focused on process control. The geometry of the space of today's city, according to the author, should stimulate its development by analogy with a living organism. Historical analysis expands the idea of the geometry of the city and its spatial implementation. The characteristics of the geometric measurement of different periods allowed us to conclude that the principles of geometry apply to cities of any time and any culture, are associated with the patterns of urban growth. Urban forms change depending on the scale: increasing the scale of the city to hypercomplex urban systems, the organic analogy grows, pure geometric planning is preserved on a local scale. The theoretical provisions of urban geometry, geometric problems and methods of their solution are substantiated. Identified dichotomies are important for understanding, researching and designing the development of urban systems. They are useful for generalizing different worldviews of space, time and urban geometry: the opposition of the concepts of simplicity and complexity; division and integrity; continuous and intermittent; homogeneity and heterogeneity of the system; certainty and uncertainty. New paradigms and thinking of the city as a hypercomplex system of organic complexity are covered. Geometry determines complexity, scale and shape. Views on space and geometry on the scale of human history have been studied. An attempt is made to understand the "reality" of development and spatial organization of cities. Geometry is used to display order and regularity, as well as in solving urban problems of today. The article highlights, structures and reveals the role of geometry and geometric problems in urban systems, their relationship with other dimensions and problems of spatial organization and urban development. In the model of multidimensional urban space "human - functions - conditions - geometry - time", which was substantiated by the author to solve problems of urban planning (spatial organization and development of urban systems) a special role is given to the geometric dimension, which is described in detail in the article. It includes many characteristics and indicators: size, configuration, shape, concentration of elements, as well as properties related to scale, intrasystem connections and location in the environment. The importance of urban geometry is illustrated using the author's model of multidimensional urban space on the example of geometric problems of Lviv, in particular placement, relocation and division. The solution of the communication and transport problem in the city is characterized and substantiated taking into account the requirements of the new geometry.

Natural Disasters and their Impact on Cities

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Skidmore ◽  
Jungmin Lim
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Urban Disaster ◽  
Heat Vulnerability

Two significant trends suggest that it will be increasingly important to consider urban resilience to natural disasters in the coming years. First, there is a consensus among most climate scientists that we are experiencing a period of significant and ongoing climate change, and it is expected that there will be an increase in the number and severity of extreme climate events in the coming years. Second, the global population is increasingly becoming urbanized, and many cities are located in coastal areas that are vulnerable to severe climatic events. As these trends play out over time, the potential for disaster losses and impact increases. At the same time, the growth of urban populations produces greater concentrations of people vulnerable to natural disasters. When disasters strikes in rural areas, there may be damage to structures and crops, but compared to urban areas, recovery and the restoration of basic functions is relatively straightforward. However, given the concentration of people and complexity of systems, urban disasters can lead to significantly greater impacts. Preparation for and recovery from major urban disasters is of paramount importance in order to minimize these losses. Further, natural disasters represent a significant threat to key technological systems that support urban life. The failure of technological systems due to disasters is a major concern to urban planners and policymakers, as lengthy disruptions are an ongoing threat to life well after the direct impacts conclude. This bibliography summarizes a body of work on natural disaster impacts in cities. It is organized into five sections. The first section presents research on the growing General Overviews: Disaster Risk in Cities and Urban Areas, with an emphasis on low-lying coastal or riverside locations. This section also highlights the consensus among urban planning scholars that disaster risk management should be integrated into urban planning and management more generally. Section 2 considers the Various Impacts of Natural Disasters on Cities and Urban Areas, including economic and labor market impacts, effects on housing markets and property values, and health impacts, including loss of life. In section 3, a series of articles on Urban Disaster Vulnerability and Risk Factors are summarized, focusing on the underlying societal conditions and systems that determine vulnerability. Section 4, Extreme Heat in Urban Areas, considers the narrower topic of heat vulnerability, which is very important given that many urban areas generate heat islands. The last section addresses Disaster Management and Mitigation in Cities and Urban Areas, including the political and governance challenges of implementing adaptation strategies, measuring and building resilience, and recovery and reconstruction.

scholarly journals RENCANA TATA BANGUNAN DAN LINGKUNGAN (RTBL) DALAM MENATA RUANG KOTA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilva Nurfitriati
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Planning Program ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Space Management ◽  
Urban Planning Management ◽  
Planning Problems

Urban society has a placed a considerable amount of hope in and holds great expectations of the Urban Planning Program (RTRWK) on RTRWK as the solution to urban planning problems. This program serves as a general guideline for urban planning, although much more detailed regulations are certainly required. The Building and Developmental Planning Program (RTBL) contains urban planning regulations that are in fact already in place despite its being much less popular and/or well known compared to its counterparts: RTRWK or even RDTR (Detailed Urban Space Management Program). Urban and environmental development planning can be one of the solutions for urban management and regulations in accordance with Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Urban Planning, as well as government regulations for urban planning management. In this study, attempts are made to describe and explain how RTBL can be utilized as a so-called tandem solution to certain urban planning problems, after taking into consideration that various urban areas have distinct characteristics and priorities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document