3. Words, contexts, and purposes

2016 ◽  
pp. 27-42
Author(s):  
Matthew Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Expressive Meaning ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Relationship

Does translation translate the meanings of words? The relationship between words and meanings is very complex. ‘Words, contexts, and purposes’ explains that there are many aspects of the meanings of words from propositional meaning and prototypes to expressive meaning and connotational meaning. Even within a language a word’s meanings shift as it is used in different circumstances; when it is translated into another language more radically different meanings will appear. Words need to be placed in context and the purpose of the translation is crucial too. Purpose influences what particular kind of freedom or closeness a translation pursues.

scholarly journals CONVERSION AND COMPOUND MODELS OF RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Boichuk M.I.
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
The Relationship

The article outlines the concept of “conversion”, which is defined as an affixless, derivational way of word formation, in which a new word formed from another part of the language does not acquire an external word-forming rearrangement. The concept of “word formation” has also been analyzed and the phonetic component of compounds of religious vocabulary characterized. The structural classification has been distinguished taking into account the structure of compoundings. It has been found that among the layer of religious vocabulary derivational connections of conversion occur between two, three or more words, and the main ways of direction of this process have been identified. Five main models of conversion of lexical units of the religious sphere have been determined, such as: Noun – Verb, which further is divided into three categories, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. The process of substantivization of religious vocabulary as a variant of conversion has also been analyzed. Under substantivization we understand the process of changing the paradigm of the basic word and a part of speech. Analysis of religious vocabulary shows that the transition is from adjectives to nouns, the first acquires the characteristic features of the latter.The article presents an analysis of religious vocabulary based on the dictionary of O. O. Azarov “Comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of religious terminology” which allows to identify such productive models of word formation of religious vocabulary in English: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle. These models are most actively involved in the creation of religious vocabulary in English, as they have the largest number of words in their structure. Compounds of religious lexis are divided into root compounds and compound derivatives, the structural integrity of which allows to distinguish them from phrases. Considering the components of compound words, the main element can be both the first and second part. According to the relationship between the components, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric types. The first is expressed by a compound word, the meaning of which is derived from the sum of the meanings of the compound’s components, the latter includes complex words, the meaning of which is not determined by any of its constituent elements. Among the layer of religious vocabulary of the English language we distinguish the following endocentric models: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N and exocentric models: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Key words:compounding, endocentric and exocentric compound words, substantivization, conversion. У статті обґрунтовано поняття «конверсія», яке визначається як безафіксальний, дериваційний спосіб словотвору, за якого нове слово, що утворюється з іншої частини мови, не набуває зовнішньої словотвірної перебудови. Також у роботі проаналізовано поняття «словоскладання», охарактеризовано фонетичний складник композитів релігійної лексики та виділено структурну класифікацію з урахуванням структури композитів складених слів. З’ясовано, що серед пласту релігійної лексики конверсивні дериваційні зв’язки відбуваються між двома, трьома та більшою кількістю слів, та визначено основні способи спрямованості цього процесу. Виділяємо п’ять основних моделей конверсії лексичних одиниць релігійної сфери: Noun – Verb, яка своєю чергою поділяється на три категорії, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. Також проаналізовано процес субстантивації релігійної лексики як варіант конверсії. Під субстантивацією розуміємо процес зміни парадигми твірного слова й частини мови. Аналіз релігійної лексики показує, що перехід відбувається від прикметників у іменники, прикметник набуває характерних ознак іменника. У статті представлено аналіз релігійної лексики на основі словника О.О. Азарова «Большой англо-русский словарь религиозной лексики», який дає змогу виокремити такі продуктивні моделі словоскладання релігійної лексики в англійській мові: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle.Ці моделі беруть найактивнішу участь у творенні релігійної лексики в англійській мові, оскільки налічують найбільшу кількість слів у своїй структурі. Композити релігійної лексики поділяються на власне складні та склад-нопохідні, структурна цілісність яких дозволяє відмежувати їх від словосполучень. Щодо компонентів складних слів, то головним елементом може бути як перша, так і друга частина. Відповідно до відносин між компонентами складні слова поділяються на ендоцентричний та екзоцентричний типи. Перший виражається складним словом, значення якого виводиться із суми значень компонентів композита, до останнього відносяться складні слова, значення яких не визначається жодним із його складових елементів. Серед пласту релігійної лексики англійської мови виокремлюємо такі ендоцентричні моделі: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N та екзоцентричні моделі: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Ключові слова:словоскладання, ендоцентричні та екзоцентричні складні слова, субстантивація, конверсія.

Morphology and Metrical Structure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Alber ◽  
Sabine Arndt-Lappe
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Metrical Structure ◽  
Constituent Structure ◽  
Recursive Structures ◽  
Stratal Architecture ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lexical Phonology ◽  
Stress Patterns

Work on the relationship between morphology and metrical structure has mainly addressed three questions: 1. How does morphological constituent structure map onto prosodic constituent structure, i.e., the structure that is responsible for metrical organization? 2. What are the reflexes of morphological relations between complex words and their bases in metrical structure? 3. How variable or categorical are metrical alternations? The focus in the work specified in question 1 has been on establishing prosodic constituency with supported evidence from morphological constituency. Pertinent prosodic constituents are the prosodic (or phonological) word, the metrical foot, the syllable, and the mora (Selkirk, 1980). For example, the phonological behavior of certain affixes has been used to argue that they are word-internal prosodic words, which thus means that prosodic words may be recursive structures (e.g., Aronoff & Sridhar, 1987). Similarly, the shape of truncated words has been used as evidence for the shape of the metrical foot (cf., e.g., Alber & Arndt-Lappe, 2012). Question 2 considers morphologically conditioned metrical alternations. Stress alternations have received particular attention. Affixation processes differ in whether or not they exhibit stress alternations. Affixes that trigger stress alternations are commonly referred to as 'stress-shifting' affixes, those that do not are referred to as 'stress-preserving' affixes. The fact that morphological categories differ in their stress behavior has figured prominently in theoretical debates about the phonology-morphology interface, in particular between accounts that assume a stratal architecture with interleaving phonology-morphology modules (such as lexical phonology, esp. Kiparsky, 1982, 1985) and those that assume that morphological categories come with their own phonologies (e.g., Inkelas, Orgun, & Zoll, 1997; Inkelas & Zoll, 2007; Orgun, 1996). Question 3 looks at metrical variation and its relation to the processing of morphologically complex words. There is a growing body of recent empirical work showing that some metrical alternations seem variable (e.g., Collie, 2008; Dabouis, 2019). This means that different stress patterns occur within a single morphological category. Theoretical explanations of the phenomenon vary depending on the framework adopted. However, what unites pertinent research seems to be that the variation is codetermined by measures that are usually associated with lexical storage. These are semantic transparency, productivity, and measures of lexical frequency.

scholarly journals AWARENESS ON THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MORPHOLOGICALLY-COMPLEX WORDS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO VOCABULARY SIZE

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Chothibul Umam
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Correlational Analysis ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examines the relationship between the students' awareness on the internal structure of morphologically-complex words (henceforth MCWs) and English vocabulary size of Indonesian EFL learners. The participants are 111 Indonesian EFL learners who had taken English Morphology subject. Two types of tests are used; Morpheme Identification Test was used to measure the students' awareness on the internal structure of MCWs and the vocabulary size test is used to estimate their vocabulary size. To know the relationship between the two variables, correlational analysis with Kendall-tau formula is then applied. The result shows that both variables have a positive and significant reciprocal correlation.

The Context of CALM

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Gary Rodin ◽  
Sarah Hales
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Expressive Meaning ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Approaches

This chapter provides an overview of the range of psychotherapeutic interventions that have been applied to patients with advanced and metastatic cancer and the relationship of Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully (CALM) to the field. Approaches to alleviate distress at the time of diagnosis of advanced or life-threatening cancer, those for patients near the end of life, and those for patients living with metastatic and advanced cancer are discussed. The latter include supportive-expressive, meaning-centered, cognitive-behavioural, mindfulness-based, and grief therapies tailored for individuals, groups, and families. Interventions tailored for the end of life, including Dignity Therapy, Short-Term Life Review, and narrative interventions, are reviewed. The barriers to the optimal delivery of psychosocial interventions for patients with advanced disease are also explored.

scholarly journals About Expressive Opportunities of the Musical Tempo: Studying the Relationship of Author Text and Performance Interpretation in Music and Theoretical Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Shkapa
Keyword(s):  
Individual Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Musical Language ◽  
Expressive Meaning ◽  
Performance Interpretation ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Musical Tempo ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Musical tempo is one of the most important elements of musical language, the expressive meaning of which is determined both by the composer’s idea and the performer’s interpretation. The ambiguity of the author’s tempo designations and the lightness of perception of tempo changes by listeners explain the wide use of variability of tempo interpretations for the implementation of individual performance concepts. The article reveals the role of tempo in forming ideas about composing styles among listeners of different eras, in updating existing performance stereotypes, and reveals the relationship between the historical life of a work and the permissibility of its various tempo incarnations. Specific examples in the aspect of the problem of selecting audio materials for training courses in music-historical and music-theoretical disciplines show the expressive possibilities of musical tempo, its role in transmitting the genre, style, and image of musical works from the point of view of compliance of performing tempo solutions with the composer’s idea and artistic expediency. The possibility of including comparative characteristics of interpretations in the study of music-theoretical disciplines to reveal the diversity of music content is justified.

Morphology in Construction Grammar

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert E. Booij
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Ordered Array ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter presents a whole range of arguments for a Construction Grammar approach to morphology. It shows that the lexicon contains both (simplex and complex) words and word formation schemas of various degrees of abstraction, and provides evidence supporting the view that morphological construcitons have holistic properties. The chapter considers both word formation and inflectional morphology and discusses the relationship between morphological and syntactic constructions. The findings confirm that the lexicon is to be reinterpreted as the "constructicon," a structured and hierarchically ordered array of constructions and constructs with phrasal or word status.

scholarly journals Phonological neighborhood measures and multisyllabic word acquisition in children

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Melissa RAJARAM
Keyword(s):  
Word Learning ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Similar Relationship ◽  
Phonological Neighborhood Density ◽  
Word Acquisition ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Phonological Neighborhood ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Multisyllabic words constitute a large portion of children's vocabulary. However, the relationship between phonological neighborhood density and English multisyllabic word learning is poorly understood. We examine this link in three, four and six year old children using a corpus-based approach. While we were able to replicate the well-accepted positive association between CVC word acquisition and neighborhood density, no similar relationship was found for multisyllabic words, despite testing multiple novel neighborhood measures. This finding raises the intriguing possibility that phonological organization of the mental lexicon may play a fundamentally different role in the acquisition of more complex words.

scholarly journals Morphological Awareness and Word Complexity in an EFL Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Ahmed Zrig
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Teaching Practices ◽  
Morphological Awareness ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Efl Context ◽  
Versus Complex ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between morphological awareness and word complexity (simple versus complex words) in an EFL context. The participants in this study were 100 fourth-year secondary school Arts students in Tunisia. Students’ morphological awareness was measured by the Morphological Awareness Test. Vocabulary size was tested using an adapted version of Nation’s (2001) Vocabulary Levels Test as a receptive measure of vocabulary size. Half of the vocabulary test items were made complex to check the participants’ performance on simple and complex words. The informants’ scores were high on the overall morphological awareness task, and the best performance was on inflectional morphemes. This could be very useful for teachers to build on, improve, and construct better future teaching practices. Finally, morphological awareness differentiated between students’ performance on simple versus complex words. 

On the relationship between morphological and phonological awareness: Effects of training in kindergarten and in first-grade reading

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Séverine Casalis ◽  
Pascale Colé
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Morphological Awareness ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Morphological Awareness Training ◽  
Phonological Awareness Training ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between phonological and morphological awareness in kindergarten, and their respective influence on learning to read in first grade, through an experimental training design with three groups of children. One experimental group received phonological awareness training while the other received morphological awareness training. The control group did not receive any training. Both training sessions were efficient since the largest pre- and post-test improvements were observed in the trained domains. Reciprocal influence analysis indicated that morphological awareness improved phonological sensitivity, but not the explicit manipulation of phonemes. In addition, phonological awareness training helped children to segment morphemes, but not to derive complex words. Thus, while some processes are shared by both metalinguistic domains, each domain appears to have its own specificity and may develop independently, at least partly. Even though morphological awareness training was found to be efficient at the kindergarten level, no clear impact on reading was found at the first-grade level, while phonological training displayed a clear positive effect on reading.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

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