8. How modern genetics is testing traditional confidentiality

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Michael Dunn ◽  
Tony Hope
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Genetic Test ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Personal Account ◽  
Medical Confidentiality ◽  
Important Respect

Medical ethics is under challenge from developments in medical science and technology, raising new ethical questions or old questions in new ways. The work of genetics clinics worldwide is forcing us to re-think the traditional ways in which we think about medical confidentiality. A genetic test from one person can provide information about a relative. ‘How modern genetics is testing traditional confidentiality’ considers the foundations of medical confidentiality and the fundamental reasons why maintaining medical confidentiality is important: respect for patient autonomy; to keep an implied promise; and to bring about the best consequences. It also discusses two models of confidentiality: the personal account model and the joint account model.

The ethical issues of biotechnology: Religious culture and the value of life

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimazono Susumu
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Value Of Life ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Religious Cultures

Advances in biotechnology and medical science, especially breakthroughs in cloning and stem cell research, have raised great expectations for curing diseases, repairing damaged body tissue and organs, enabling conception at advanced age and selecting embryos based on genetic diagnosis. However, the question arises whether these advances will improve the happiness of humankind or whether human bodies are being assaulted as development resources in order to procure greater profits. This article investigates how the value of life is conceptualized by religious cultures vis-a-vis the emerging threats. With regard to the early embryonic stage of human life, the Catholic Church, for example, has raised a loud voice against the artificial termination of pregnancy. As a matter of fact, various religious cultures have showed and underpinned to a considerable extent the value of life and the direction that science and technology should take in this respect. It is argued that the globalized competition in science and technology makes it necessary to transcend the views concerning the value of life propagated by particular religious cultures.

The “Rules of the Road”: Ethics, Firearms, and the Physician's “Lane”

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (S4) ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
Blake N. Shultz ◽  
Benjamin Tolchin ◽  
Katherine L. Kraschel
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Firearm Injury ◽  
Agency Relationship ◽  
The Road ◽  
Firearm Violence ◽  
Patient Agency ◽  
Foundational Principle ◽  
Do So

Physicians play a critical role in preventing and treating firearm injury, although the scope of that role remains contentious and lacks systematic definition. This piece aims to utilize the fundamental principles of medical ethics to present a framework for physician involvement in firearm violence. Physicians' agency relationship with their patients creates ethical obligations grounded on three principles of medical ethics — patient autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Taken together, they suggest that physicians ought to engage in clinical screening and treatment related to firearm violence. The principle of beneficence also applies more generally, but more weakly, to relations between physicians and society, creating nonobligatory moral ideals. Balanced against physicians' primary obligations to patient agency relationships, general beneficence suggests that physicians may engage in public advocacy to address gun violence, although they are not ethically obligated to do so. A fourth foundational principle — justice — requires that clinicians attempt to ensure that the benefits and burdens of healthcare are distributed fairly.

scholarly journals Verloskundige Verpleegkunde ... ’n Uitdaging

Curationis ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Continuing Education ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Inservice Training ◽  
Midwifery Care ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Health Team ◽  
Midwifery Practice

Much has been achieved through the advances of medical science and technology and that calls for improved knowledge and skills for today’s midwife. There is hardly a sphere in midwifery practice that can’t be seen as a challenge for the midwife, for instance as a administrator; as a tutor; as a clinician and a researcher. In the performance of her task certain challenges are placed upon the midwife as person, for instance the challenge as counsellor; communicator; as a member of the health team; as a member of the changing community and as a family planner. Inservice training and continuing education are therefore a necessity to ensure a high standard of midwifery care.

The loved ones: families, intimates and patient autonomy

Legal Studies ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine O'Donovan ◽  
Roy Gilbar
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Medical Law ◽  
Central Values ◽  
Patients Rights ◽  
Law And Ethics ◽  
The Family ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Individual

Patient autonomy is one of the central values in medical ethics. It is generally understood as recognition of patients' rights as free individuals answerable only to themselves. This emphasis on the individual leaves open the question of the position of the patients' ‘loved ones’, that is of families and significant others. The authors examine this question in three areas of law and medical ethics. Organ donation offers an example of preference given by medical ethics to family views, notwithstanding an expressed wish of the deceased to donate, and the legal position protecting such a request. Decisions concerning the treatment of incompetent patients illustrate consideration for the family in medical ethics, but hesitations in both law and ethics in accepting family views once expressed. And the tension between the interests of patients and family members over the access to genetic information usually results in respecting the patient's right to confidentiality. This individualistic perception of autonomy, as adopted by medical law, overlooks the patient's relationships with others and is too narrow to face the complexities of human lives.

Pharmaceutical patenting and the transformation of American medical ethics

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH M. GABRIEL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Medical Association ◽  
Medical Association ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
American Medical ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Us

AbstractThe attitudes of physicians and drug manufacturers in the US toward patenting pharmaceuticals changed dramatically from the mid-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth. Formerly, physicians and reputable manufacturers argued that pharmaceutical patents prioritized profit over the advancement of medical science. Reputable manufactures refused to patent their goods and most physicians shunned patented products. However, moving into the early twentieth century, physicians and drug manufacturers grew increasingly comfortable with the idea of pharmaceutical patents. In 1912, for example, the American Medical Association dropped the prohibition on physicians holding medical patents. Shifts in wider patenting cultures therefore transformed the ethical sensibilities of physicians.

scholarly journals Applications of Chitin and Chitosan in Industry and Medical Science: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta Pokhrel ◽  
Paras Nath Yadav ◽  
Rameshwar Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Chitin And Chitosan

Chitin can be extracted from the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and mollusks and the cell wall of microorganisms. It can be converted into chitosan by deacetylation process. Chitosan shows more versatility than chitin due to its solubility and reactive free amino group (-NH2). This article helps to understand the importance and characteristics of chitin and chitosan by their various aspects such as properties and medical and industrial applications.Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 16, No.1 (2015) pp. 99-104

scholarly journals Medical Ethics/professionalism and Concept of Holistic Curriculum in a Medical School

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Mohammad Iqbal Khan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Holistic Curriculum

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i1.17371 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 13 No. 01 January2014: 5-7

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