7. Volcanoes, climate, and the biosphere

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Michael J. Branney ◽  
Jan Zalasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Local Weather

‘Volcanoes, climate, and the biosphere’ explores how volcanism has perturbed both climate and the complement of living organisms on Earth, both locally and globally. Volcanic outbursts, depending on their nature and scale, may cause global warming or global cooling. In the historical record, even geologically modest eruptions have had dramatic repercussions. Volcanoes can affect local weather. It is possible that climate change can, in turn, affect volcanism.

“Every Act of Preservation is an Act of Creation”: Paul Schrader’s Eco-theology in First Reformed

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
Tatiana Prorokova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Current State ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One

This chapter scrutinizes the complex relationship between climate change and theology, as represented in First Reformed, as well as Paul Schrader’s understanding of humanity’s major problems today. Analyzing the issue of ecological decline through the prism of religion, Schrader outlines the ideology that presumably might help humanity survive at the age of global warming. Through the complex discussions of such issues as despair, anxiety, and hope, Schrader deduces the formula of survival in which preservation is the key component. Equating humans to God, Schrader, on the one hand, censures those actions that led to progress but destroyed the environment, yet, on the other hand, he foregrounds the fact that humans can also save the planet now. Schrader portrays both humans and Earth as living organisms created by God. He draws explicit parallels between the current state of our planet and the problems that we experience – from political ones, including war, to more personal ones like health issues.

scholarly journals Developments of the Perception of Climate Change and Abnormal Weather in Postwar Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keegan Cothern ◽  
Junichi Hasegawa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Climate Research ◽  
Postwar Japan ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Abnormal Weather

Climate research has been presented as a largely Anglophone and European affair, while other regional contributions and concerns have been left largely unexamined. An investigation of the Japan Meteorological Agency’s ‘Abnormal Weather Reports’ and related literature instead reveals the concerns of an island nation anxious about immediate weather abnormalities, causes of climate variability, and predicting the consequences of global warming within a geographically vulnerable Japan. Researchers initially focused on the topic of global cooling in the 1970s, sparking fears about Japan’s self-sustainability in the event of a long-term decline in temperatures. By the 1980s, though cooling fears persisted, focus also turned to how El Niño cycles provoked climatic variability, even as initial concern with global warming resulting from human activities, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and ozone depletion grew. Following the Kyoto Protocol’s recognition of anthropogenic climate change and creation of a global cooperative framework, research has begun to focus on the consequences of global warming in exacerbating Japan’s meteorological risks and on mitigating further anthropogenic temperature increases.

The impact of atmospheric aerosols on global climate: a review

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell D. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
The Impact

Climate change has received considerable media attention in recent years, particularly in terms of the enhanced greenhouse effect and predicted global warming. This paper examines the alternative impact of atmospheric acrosols on global climate in terms of the so-called dust-veil effect, which is associated with global cooling. This volcanic signal is assessed through the application of dust-rating and explosivity indices, and their limitations are emphasized since both schemes ignore the more important sulphur-gas emissions. The paper discusses the causes and evidence of the volcanic signal and emphasizes its moderation by El Nino events. It concludes with a brief analysis of the contributions made by particulate matter released into the lower troposphere from human activities.

scholarly journals O Paradoxo das Mudanças Climáticas no Brasil: Aquecimento ou Resfriamento? (The Paradox of Climate Change in Brazil: Heating or Cooling?)

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Virginia Mirtes De Alcântara Silva ◽  
Maria da Conceição Marcelino Patrício ◽  
Raimundo Mainar de Medeiros ◽  
Alexandra Lima Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Human Interference ◽  
Key Words Climate Change ◽  
Global Cooling

Este trabalho inicia-se em um breve relato sobre as mais diversas opiniões acerca das mudanças climáticas, enfocando os conceitos de diversos pesquisadores acerca da temática, tão controversa nos meios científicos quanto a nível internacional. Várias opiniões divergem sobre o que realmente originam as mudanças climáticas, a primeira seria que as mudanças climáticas decorrem de ações antropogênicas, provindos do uso de combustíveis fósseis e o crescimento da agricultura alterando na atmosfera um aumento de CO2, que conseqüentemente induziriam a elevação da temperatura, ou seja, ao aquecimento global, entretanto, existem argumentos que se contrapõem ao aquecimento global de longo prazo e defendem um resfriamento global gradativo, baseando-se que o clima sofre influência de forças como o sol e os seus ciclos e os oceanos que cobrem 71% da superfície e que são os grandes reservatórios de calor, e que as mudanças climáticas são de ordem natural, pois a interferência humana é insignificante e apenas traz mudanças a nível local. Essas divergências científicas necessitam de comprovações, pois precisamos entender as conseqüências reais desse processo. Se realmente estamos caminhando para um aquecimento ou resfriamento e se as mudanças climáticas são de ordem natural ou antropogênicas.Palavras- chave: Mudanças climáticas, Aquecimento global, Resfriamento global, Divergências científicas.  The paradox of Climate Change in Brazil: Heating or Cooling?  ABSTRACTThis work begins in a brief report on the diverse views on climate change, focusing on the concepts of various researchers on the theme, so controversial in scientific circles as internationally. Various opinions differ on what really causes climate change, the first climate change that would result from anthropogenic activities, stemming from the use of fossil fuels growth in agriculture and the changing atmosphere in a CO2 increase, which consequently leads to a rise in temperature, or global warming, however, there are arguments to oppose the long-term global warming and advocate a gradual global cooling, based on the climate is influenced by forces like the sun and its cycles and the oceans that cover 71 % of the surface and are the great reservoirs of heat, and that climate change is a natural one, because human interference is negligible and only brings changes at the local. These differences need scientific proof, because we need to understand the real consequences of this process. If we are really heading for a heating or cooling and climate change are of a natural or anthropogenic. Key words: Climate change, Global warming, Global cooling, Scientific differences.

scholarly journals Fruitfulness of Solar Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajam Annapoorani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmental Hazards ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Trump Card ◽  
Solar Technology

This book delineated the contemporary upshots of the fossil fuel's feebleness and renewable energy's splendid face. Solar technology occupied a trump card position.Fossil fuels caused global warming, ozone depletion,climate change, health defects to the living organisms and environmental hazards .Because of the stumbling block and downside of the fossil fuels, we have to increase the usage of renewable energy.By dint of getting know about the significance of renewable energy, many environmental activists and scientists are set in motion to launch the renewable energy scheme.

scholarly journals The Perceptions of Pre-Service Science Teachers and Science Teachers about Climate Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Meilinda ◽  
N. Y. Rustaman ◽  
B. Tjasyono
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Service Science ◽  
Global Cooling ◽  
The Impact

<p>The global climate phenomenon in the context of climate change is the impact of both the dynamic complex climate system and human behaviors that affect environmental sustainability. Human is an important component that should be considered in science teaching that is believed to improve human attitudes towards the environmental sustainability. The research aims to investigate the perceptions of pre-service science teachers and science teachers in South Sumatra who teach climate change and global warming. The data were collected from 17 science teachers and 53 pre-service science teachers from April to August 2016. The instruments were 17 modified questions which were developed from Pruneau’s framework. There are three linear perceptions regarding climate change. First, greenhouse effect causes global warming and global warming causes climate change. Second, ozone leakage causes global warming and global warming causes acid rain. Third, greenhouse effect causes ozone leakage and ozone leakage causes global warming; then it causes climate change and other climatic phenomena. Both pre-service science teachers and science teachers argue that climate change is caused by global warming. Actually, climate change is not only global warming but also global cooling. Those phenomena occur because of interactions among climate system components. They do not believe that education is able to change human attitudes in saving environmental sustainability from global climate change disasters. They believe that media give stronger effects than teachers in shaping those perceptions. Factually, most of wrong perceptions come from media.<br /><br /><br /><br /></p>

Modelling ecosystem adaptation and dangerous rates of global warming

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Millington ◽  
Peter M. Cox ◽  
Jonathan R. Moore ◽  
Gabriel Yvon-Durocher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Diffusion Rate ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Rapid Climate Change ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Intraspecies Competition ◽  
High Trait

Abstract We are in a period of relatively rapid climate change. This poses challenges for individual species and threatens the ecosystem services that humanity relies upon. Temperature is a key stressor. In a warming climate, individual organisms may be able to shift their thermal optima through phenotypic plasticity. However, such plasticity is unlikely to be sufficient over the coming centuries. Resilience to warming will also depend on how fast the distribution of traits that define a species can adapt through other methods, in particular through redistribution of the abundance of variants within the population and through genetic evolution. In this paper, we use a simple theoretical ‘trait diffusion’ model to explore how the resilience of a given species to climate change depends on the initial trait diversity (biodiversity), the trait diffusion rate (mutation rate), and the lifetime of the organism. We estimate theoretical dangerous rates of continuous global warming that would exceed the ability of a species to adapt through trait diffusion, and therefore lead to a collapse in the overall productivity of the species. As the rate of adaptation through intraspecies competition and genetic evolution decreases with species lifetime, we find critical rates of change that also depend fundamentally on lifetime. Dangerous rates of warming vary from 1°C per lifetime (at low trait diffusion rate) to 8°C per lifetime (at high trait diffusion rate). We conclude that rapid climate change is liable to favour short-lived organisms (e.g. microbes) rather than longer-lived organisms (e.g. trees).

Political Preferences, Personality Traits, and Environmentalism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Soutter ◽  
René Mõttus
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽  
Political Preferences ◽  
Party Voting

Although the scientific evidence of anthropogenic climate change continues to grow, public discourse still reflects a high level of scepticism and political polarisation towards anthropogenic climate change. In this study (N = 499) we attempted to replicate and expand upon an earlier finding that environmental terminology (“climate change” versus “global warming”) could partly explain political polarisation in environmental scepticism (Schuldt, Konrath, &amp; Schwarz, 2011). Participants completed a series of online questionnaires assessing personality traits, political preferences, belief in environmental phenomenon, and various pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours. Those with a Conservative political orientation and/or party voting believed less in both climate change and global warming compared to those with a Liberal orientation and/or party voting. Furthermore, there was an interaction between continuously measured political orientation, but not party voting, and question wording on beliefs in environmental phenomena. Personality traits did not confound these effects. Furthermore, continuously measured political orientation was associated with pro-environmental attitudes, after controlling for personality traits, age, gender, area lived in, income, and education. The personality domains of Openness, and Conscientiousness, were consistently associated with pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours, whereas Agreeableness was associated with pro-environmental attitudes but not with behaviours. This study highlights the importance of examining personality traits and political preferences together and suggests ways in which policy interventions can best be optimised to account for these individual differences.

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