5. Liberal luminaries

Author(s):  
Michael Freeden

‘The liberal canon’ explores the views of some major thinkers and philosophers who shaped and refined liberal thinking since the early 19th century, when liberalism emerged as a distinct ideology. It begins with four British thinkers—John Stuart Mill, Thomas Hill Green, Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, and John Atkinson Hobson—before assessing the impact on liberalism of other individuals such as Mary Wollstonecraft; France’s Benjamin Constant; the Germans Wilhelm von Humboldt, Max Weber, and Friedrich Naumann; the Italians Benedetto Croce and Carlo Rosselli; the American philosopher and educationalist John Dewey; and, finally, economist, philosopher, and political thinker Friedrich August von Hayek.

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Jan Noordegraaf

SUMMARY The impact Ferdinand de Saussure’sCours de linguistique générale(1916) had on Dutch linguistics in the 1930s and 1940s has not yet become the object of a thorough investigation. It can be pointed out, however, that in the interwar period Dutch reactions to theCourswere of a mixed character. When one finds Saussure’s book referred to by leading Dutch linguists such as Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) and A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), the question should be asked to what extent theCourswas seen as a new and important specimen of linguistic theorizing. Moreover, it can be argued that several Dutch linguists felt themselves to be in a different linguistic tradition. Such is definitely the case with Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). He took part in the organization of the first international congress of linguists (1928) and the first international phonetic congress (1932). Although critical of theCours, he sympathized with the Prague approach to phonology, of which he was one of the early propagandists in Western Europe. However, he did not become a confirmed structuralist. Practising a holistic approach to language and culture he felt more affinity with the ‘Neolinguists’, and tended to revert to 19th-century thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), as some of his papers clearly show. In an intriguing posthumous essay,Het mysterie der menschelijke taal(‘The mystery of human language’, 1946), Van Ginneken acknowledged that over the years language had become a mystery to him.RÉSUMÉ La réception duCours de linguistique générale(1916) de Ferdinand de Saussure parmi les linguistes néerlandais de l’entre deux-guerres n’a toujours pas fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie. Afin de remédier à cet état de choses, nous présentons dans cet article un premier aperçu des réactions fort diverses de quelques linguistes néerlandais, nous limitant à leurs publications des années trente et quarante du siècle dernier. Afin d’expliquer cet accueil réservé auCours de linguistique généralenous montrons que plusieurs de ces linguistes ont bien plus d’affinités avec la tradition humboldtienne qu’avec le structuralisme saussurien. Ainsi, lisant les oeuvres des chefs de file comme Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) et A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), on peut se demander dans quelle mesure ces linguistes considèrent leCourscomme une oeuvre innovatrice et importante en matière de theorie linguistique. Cela vaut aussi pour Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945), qui faisait partie du comité organisateur du Premier congrès international de linguistes (1928) ainsi que du Premier congrès international de phonétique (1932). Van Ginneken reconnaît l’importance de la phonologie de l’Ecole de Prague, et est certes parmi les premiers à la faire connaître en Europe occidentale, sans jamais pour autant devenir un structuraliste convaincu. Son approche holiste du langage et de la culture s’apparente plutôt à la tradition des ‘néolinguistes’ Dans certaines publications il tend manifestement à reprendre les idées des penseurs du XIXe siècle comme Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). A cet égard, dans “Het mysterie der menschelijke taal” (‘Le Mystère du langage humain’), une étonnante étude posthume, Van Ginneken reconnaît qu’avec le temps le langage était devenu pour lui un mystère.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Einfluß von Ferdinand de SaussuresCours de linguistique générale(1916) auf die niederländische Sprachwissenschaft in den dreißiger und vierziger Jahren wurde bisher noch nicht gründlich erforscht. Es gibt allerdings Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß die niederländischen Reaktionen auf denCoursin der Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen unterschiedlichen Charakters waren. Wenn führende niederländische Sprachwissenschaftler wie Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) und A. W. de Groot (1892–1963) auf de Saussures’ Buch verweisen, sollte man sich fragen, inwiefern derCoursals neues und wichtiges Beispiel sprachwissenschaftlichen Theoretisierens betrachtet wurde. Dem gegenüber könnte man sogar vorbringen, daß mehrere niederländische Sprachwissenschaftler in einer anderen sprachwissenschaftlichen Tradition standen. Dies ist zweifellos der Fall bei Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). Er beteiligte sich an der Organisation des ersten internationalen Linguistenkongresses (1928) und des ersten internationalen Phonetikkongresses (1932). Obwohl er demCourskritisch begegnete, sympathisierte er mit der Prager Phonologie, zu deren frühen Verfechtern in Westeuropa er gehörte. Zu einem überzeugten Strukturalisten wurde er allerdings nicht. Aus einem holistischen Ansatz Sprache und Kultur gegenüber fühlte er sich mehr den ‘Neolinguisten’ verwandt und neigte dazu, zu Denkern des 19. Jhs. wie Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) zurückzukehren, wie einige seiner Artikel deutlich machen. In einem faszinierenden postumen Aufsatz, “Het mysterie der menschelijke taal” (‘Das Mysterium der menschlichen Sprache’), gesteht van Ginneken ein, daß Sprache ihm im Laufe der Zeit die Sprache zu einem Mysterium geworden sei.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-369
Author(s):  
Martti Lehti ◽  
Reino Sirén

The article explores the statistical association between annual alcohol consumption and homicide mortality in Finland, Sweden and Norway from the early 19th century to 2013. The results show statistically significant impacts on overall and male homicide mortality in Finland and on male homicide mortality in Sweden. In Norway, we found no significant impacts. The results suggest that changes in the level of alcohol consumption have had a stronger impact on homicide rates in Finland, characterized by a heavier drinking culture, than in Norway or Sweden. The strength of the association between alcohol consumption and homicide levels seems also to vary over time and to be conditioned by economic and socio-political factors.


2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 457-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Bang

Hadrami scholars have long been recognized as well as been influential teachers of East African Islam, especially in the late 18th and early 19th century. is article traces the role of Hadrami teachers and scholars on Islamic education in Zanzibar between c. 1870 and 1930. The article analyses different levels of Islamic education and traces the texts and teachers who came to influence generations of Muslims in the British-Bū Saīdī protectorate.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimiyo Ogawa

This essay gives an overview of women’s fiction published between the late 18th and early 19th century, focusing on their interest in sensibility, education, and marriage. Women’s novels during this period were very much influenced by the literary genre called the novel of sensibility, which celebrates emotional concepts such as sentiment, delicacy, and sensibility. In promoting education for women, many female novelists not only vindicated women’s capacity to reason, but also recommended moral feeling for others. Although Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria Edgeworth, and Susan Ferrier believed that women should embrace reason, they knew that domestic affections were necessary. Affectionate ties or compassion are key to understanding the novels of Charlotte Smith and Mary Robinson. Possessing neither was detrimental to the happiness of heroines of this period, and this is typically observed in Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Simple Story (1791) – pursuing one’s desire without restraint would lead to self-destruction. Jane Austen and Mary Shelley were writing their novels when the radical movement connected to Mary Wollstonecraft’s assertion about the need for women’s education had subsided: excessive indulgence of emotions and sexual appetite were cautioned against in their novels. Although in the early 19th-century sexual transgressions were condemned, some novelists such as Charlotte Dacre explored the theme of women’s sexual freedom.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Corm

This paper constitutes an attempt to show the large diversity of Arab culture and the various stages through which Arab political thought has developed since the reign of Muhammad Ali in Egypt in the early 19th century up to the present. This panorama of the various schools of political thought shows the impact of the constantly changing geopolitical environment on Arab thinkers. It also shows that essentialist attempts to analyze and grasp the ‘Arab mind’ through a single factor and, namely, through the structure of Muslim theology and laws (sharia) are not successful and lead to impoverishing the richness of both Arab culture and political thought.


2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Jan Noordegraaf

Summary The impact Ferdinand de Saussure’s Cours de linguistique générale (1916) had on Dutch linguistics in the 1930s and 1940s has not yet become the object of a thorough investigation. It can be pointed out, however, that in the interwar period Dutch reactions to the Cours were of a mixed character. When one finds Saussure’s book referred to by leading Dutch linguists such as Etsko Kruisinga (1875–1944), H. J. Pos (1898–1955) and A. W. de Groot (1892–1963), the question should be asked to what extent the Cours was seen as a new and important specimen of linguistic theorizing. Moreover, it can be argued that several Dutch linguists felt themselves to be in a different linguistic tradition. Such is definitely the case with Jac. van Ginneken (1877–1945). He took part in the organization of the first international congress of linguists (1928) and the first international phonetic congress (1932). Although critical of the Cours, he sympathized with the Prague approach to phonology, of which he was one of the early propagandists in Western Europe. However, he did not become a confirmed structuralist. Practising a holistic approach to language and culture he felt more affinity with the ‘Neolinguists’, and tended to revert to 19th-century thinkers such as Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), as some of his papers clearly show. In an intriguing posthumous essay, Het mysterie der menschelijke taal (‘The mystery of human language’, 1946), Van Ginneken acknowledged that over the years language had become a mystery to him.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Afriliyani Piola ◽  
Happy Anastasia Usman

Things Fall Apart is a novel potrays the background of traditional life and primitive culture Ibo tribe in Umuofia, Nigeria, Africa and also the impact of European colonialism towards Africans’ society in the early 19th century. The research applies the qualitative method and it supported by the sociology of literature approach. The primary data are taken from the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. Based on the analysis the researcher conducts, the impact of European colonialism in Africa which not only brings a positive impacts but also negative legacy. There are several points of the impact European colonialism in Africa : existence of christianity, existence of language, establishment regulation and contribution to development.


Ars Educandi ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szumlewicz

Jak scharakteryzować termin "emancypacja poprzez edukację"? Emancypacja jest to proces, który prowadzi do równości społecznej, wolności politycznej i realnej możliwości jednostki na postęp. Egalitarna edukacja oznacza, że wiedza jest dostępna dla każdego - niezależnie od jego klasy społecznej, płci, rasy i narodowości. To nauczanie ludzi z uciskanych lub dyskryminowanych grup, by walczyć z niesprawiedliwością i nauczanie ich aby bronić swoich już osiągniętych praw. Idea emancypacji poprzez edukację rozumiana w taki sposób wyłoniła się w okresie Oświecenia, który obejmował czasy przed, w trakcie i tuż po rewolucji francuskiej. Wtedy ten pomysł ewoluował przez całą nowoczesną erę, która kończy się na początku II wojny światowej. W moim eseju "Emancypacja poprzez edukację: od Oświecenia po Pragmatyzm" studiuję emancypacyjne wątki obecne w filozoficznych teoriach takich myślicieli, jak Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jean Antoine Condorcet, Mary Wollstonecraft, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Schiller, John Stuart Mill, Harriet Taylor Mill, Karl Marx, Fryderyk Engels, Antonio Gramsci i John Dewey. Podczas przeprowadzania moich badań odkryłam, że niektórzy z nowoczesnych myślicieli reprezentowali pozycję emancypacyjną tylko w części swoich pomysłów, podczas gdy w drugiej części ich myśli pozostały konserwatywne. Na przykład Rousseau - jeden z ojców emancypacyjnej pedagogiki - był przeciwny udziałowi kobiet w przestrzeni publicznej. Innym przykładem jest użycie siły piękna i radości, aby poddać "impulsywne" masy kontroli "racjonalnych" elit w wizji Schillera dotyczącej pedagogiki estetycznej. Analizuję te "zaniechania" za pomocą krytycznych dyskursów ja ta Carole Pateman czy Terry'ego Eagletona.


1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Manchester

Summary Wilhelm von Humboldt, like many other linguists in the early 19th century, claimed that inflectional languages are superior to non-inflecting languages. This thesis waned in popularity after the middle of the century, and the reasons why the claim was made have become historically obscured. The tendency in many modern accounts is to view the inflectional superiority thesis (IST) as a cultural or literary prejudice typical of the nationalism and romanticism of Humboldt’s period (Sapir 1921, Hönigswald 1937). Against this account I argue that, in Humboldt’s case at least, the IST followed consistently from two philosophical assumptions that were axiomatic in his philosophy of language. (A) Humboldt distinguished between the conceptual constituents of thoughts (Gedankeneinheiten) and their grammatical inter-relationships. The former are the units of ‘meaning’, the latter only modifications of the former and thus in themselves ‘meaningless’ (bedeutungslos). (В) Grammatical relations, further, never stand alone in a thought but are always ‘attached’ to concepts. Operating with (A) and (B) Humboldt argued that the ideal symbolic (linguistic) representation of thought will indicate grammatical relations by affixes which are (A) meaningless in their own right, having no meaning beyond their grammatical significance, and (B) are always attached or ‘fused’ to the radical words being grammatically modified. Highly inflectional languages come closest to this ideal. They represent thought in a more isomorphic fashion than languages using other grammatical methods. Thus the IST, in Humboldt’s version, is a semiotic claim. As such it should be understood as a result not of nationalism or Indo-European cultural prejudice but rather of Enlightenment philosophy and psychology.


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