scholarly journals Estimated energy requirements increase across pregnancy in healthy women with dichorionic twins

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-783
Author(s):  
Manisha Gandhi ◽  
Rajshi Gandhi ◽  
Lauren M Mack ◽  
Roman Shypailo ◽  
Anne L Adolph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Abstract Background Estimated energy requirement (EER) has not been defined for twin pregnancy. This study was designed to determine the EER of healthy women with dichorionic-diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancies. Objectives We aimed to estimate energy deposition from changes in maternal body protein and fat; to measure resting energy expenditure (REE), physical activity level (PAL), and total energy expenditure (TEE) throughout pregnancy and postpartum; and to define the EER based on the sum of TEE and energy deposition for twin gestation. Design This is a prospective study of 20 women with DCDA twin gestations. Maternal EER, energy deposition, REE, TEE, and PAL were obtained during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and immediately postpartum. A mixed-effects linear regression model for repeated measures with random intercept was used to test for the effects of BMI groups and time. Results Gains in total body protein (mean ± SD: 2.1 ± 0.7 kg) and fat mass (5.9 ± 2.8 kg) resulted in total energy deposition of 67,042 ± 25,586 kcal between 0 and 30–32 weeks of gestation. REE increased 26% from 1392 ± 162 to 1752 ± 172 kcal/d across the 3 trimesters, whereas TEE increased 17% from 2141 ± 283 to 2515 ± 337 kcal/d. Physical activity decreased steadily throughout pregnancy. Reductions in physical activity did not compensate for the rise in REE and energy deposition, thus requiring an increase in dietary energy intake as pregnancy progressed. EER increased 29% from 2257 ± 325 kcal/d in the first trimester to 2941 ± 407 kcal/d in the second trimester, and stayed consistent at 2906 ± 350 kcal/d in the third trimester. Conclusion Increased energy intake, on average ∼700 kcal/d in the second and third trimesters when compared with the first trimester, is required to support gestational weight gain and the rise in energy expenditure of DCDA twin pregnancies.

scholarly journals Physical activity and energy balance

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3a) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen A. Van Baak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Resting Energy

AbstractEnergy expenditure rises above resting energy expenditure when physical activity is performed. The activity-induced energy expenditure varies with the muscle mass involved and the intensity at which the activity is performed: it ranges between 2 and 18 METs approximately. Differences in duration, frequency and intensity of physical activities may create considerable variations in total energy expenditure. The Physical Activity Level (= total energy expenditure divided by resting energy expenditure) varies between 1.2 and 2.2–2.5 in healthy adults. Increases in activity-induced energy expenditure have been shown to result in increases in total energy expenditure, which are usually greater than the increase in activity-induced energy expenditure itself. No evidence for increased spontaneous physical activity, measured by diary, interview or accelerometer, was found. However, this does not exclude increased physical activity that can not be measured by these methods. Part of the difference may also be explained by the post-exercise elevation of metabolic rate.If changes in the level of physical activity affect energy balance, this should result in changes in body mass or body composition. Modest decreases of body mass and fat mass are found in response to increases in physical activity, induced by exercise training, which are usually smaller than predicted from the increase in energy expenditure. This indicates that the training-induced increase in total energy expenditure is at least partly compensated for by an increase in energy intake. There is some evidence that the coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake is less at low levels of physical activity. Increasing the level of physical activity for weight loss may therefore be most effective in the most sedentary individuals.

Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity Measured with the Bicarbonate-Urea Method in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

1996 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. J. Paton ◽  
M. Elia ◽  
S. A. Jebb ◽  
G. Jennings ◽  
D. C. MacAllan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Urea Method ◽  
Resting Energy

1. Our objectives were to measure total energy expenditure, the daily variation in total energy expenditure and the physical activity level in a group of HIV-positive subjects using the bicarbonate-urea method. The study also aimed to assess the practicalities of using the bicarbonate-urea technique in free-living conditions. 2. Total energy expenditure was measured with the bicarbonate-urea method over 2 consecutive days (1 day in one subject) in 10 male patients with HIV infection (median CD4 count = 30). Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Physical activity level (total energy expenditure/resting energy expenditure) was calculated from these measurements and from activity diaries. 3. Resting energy expenditure was found to be 7.46 ± 0.87 MJ/day, 5% higher than predicted values. Total energy expenditure was 10.69 ± 1.95 MJ/day with an intra-individual day-to-day variation of 6 ± 6%. The measured physical activity level was 1.42 ± 0.14, higher than the diary estimate of 1.34 ± 0.16 (P = 0.029), and there were large inter-method differences in individual values. The subcutaneous infusion of bicarbonate was well tolerated and did not seem to restrict normal activities. 4. Total energy expenditure was not elevated in the group of HIV-positive subjects when compared with reference values for normal subjects. The physical activity level of the patients in this study was lower than that measured using other techniques in healthy young men, but was compatible with that expected for people leading a sedentary lifestyle. Reductions in physical activity in patients with HIV are likely to contribute to the wasting process and physical activity level may thus be a clinically useful measure. This study has also provided the first tracer estimate of the day-to-day variation in total energy expenditure. The bicarbonate-urea method represents an important new investigative tool for measuring total energy expenditure which has previously only been possible within the confines of a whole-body calorimeter or using the expensive doubly labelled water method.

scholarly journals Total Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity Level of Lactating Mesoamerindians

1997 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F. Butte ◽  
Lourdes Barbosa ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
William W. Wong ◽  
E. O. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level

scholarly journals Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Guy Plasqui ◽  
Annelies H. C. Goris
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

Although water is an important nutrient, there are no recommended intake values. Here, water intake, energy intake, physical activity and water loss was measured over 1 week in summer and in winter. Subjects were healthy volunteers, forty-two women and ten men, mean age of 29 (sd 7) years and mean BMI 21·8 (sd 2·2) kg/m2. Water intake was measured with a 7 d food and water record. Physical activity level (PAL) was observed as the ratio of total energy expenditure, as measured with doubly labelled water, to resting energy expenditure as measured in a respiration chamber. Water loss was measured with the deuterium elimination method. Water loss was highly reproducible and ranged from 0·20 to 0·35 l/MJ, independent of season and activity level, with higher values in women. Water loss was related to water and energy intake in summer (r 0·96, P<0·0001 and r 0·68, P<0·001, respectively) as well as in winter (r 0·98, P<0·0001 and r 0·63, P<0·01, respectively). Water loss was, for men, higher in subjects with a higher physical activity in summer (r 0·94, P<0·0001) and in winter (r 0·70, P<0·05). Normalizing water loss for differences in energy expenditure by expressing water loss in litres per MJ resulted in the same value for men in summer and winter. For women, physical activity-adjusted values of water loss were higher, especially in summer. In men, water turnover was determined by energy intake and physical activity, while seasonal effects appeared through energy expenditure. Women showed a higher water turnover that was unrelated to physical activity.

scholarly journals The Association Between Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Energy Level in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
Qu Tian ◽  
Nancy Glynn ◽  
Rebecca Ehrenkranz ◽  
Briana Sprague ◽  
Andrea Rosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Measured Energy ◽  
Objectively Measured

Abstract Energy is an important concept in human health and diseases. Self-reported energy has been described as “the individual’s potential to perform physical and mental activity” and “the individual’s energy availability”. However, little empirical data exists on whether self-reported energy level is related to objectively measured energy level. Prior research suggests that more energy availability is associated with higher physical activity level. It remains unclear whether self-reported energy availability would be associated with objectively measured energy level, such as active energy expenditure and total energy expenditure. Using data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, we identified 94 participants (mean age=86.2±2.4 y/o, 46%blacks, 52%women) with concurrent data on self-reported energy (scale 0-10) and objective energy level by the SenseWear Armband. We examined cross-sectional associations of self-reported energy with objectively measured energy and physical activity levels using Spearman correlation. Greater self-reported energy level was associated with higher daily active energy expenditure in kcal (r=0.30,p=0.004), higher METs (r=0.33,p&lt;0.001), more minutes of physical activity (r=0.35,p&lt;0.001), and more step counts (r=0.36,p&lt;0.001). Self-reported energy was not associated with total energy expenditure (p=0.87) or estimated resting metabolic rate (p=0.53). Self-reported energy may reflect an individual’s activity energy expenditure but not total energy expenditure. It further supports the hypothesis that energy availability even by self-report connects to physical activity behavior. Whether self-reported energy correlates with other health outcomes warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Relationship between Measured Aerobic Capacity and Total Energy Expenditure Obtained by Doubly Labeled Water in Community-Dwelling Healthy Adults Aged 81-94y: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Yasukata ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hiroyuki Sagayama ◽  
Yasuki Higaki ◽  
Hiroaki Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water

Adequate energy intake is critical for the healthy longevity of older adults, and the estimated energy requirement is determined by total energy expenditure (TEE). We aimed to identify the relationship between measured aerobic capacity and TEE, activity energy expenditure (AEE) or physical activity level (PAL) with the doubly labeled water (DLW) methods in the advanced older adults. A total of 12 physically independent older adults (10 males and 2 females) aged between 81 to 94 years participated in this study. Aerobic capacity was evaluated according to the lactate threshold (LT). TEE under free-living conditions was assessed using the DLW method, and self-reported physical activity was obtained through the Japanese version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). LT was significantly positively correlated with TEE, AEE, and PAL after adjustment for age and sex (&rho;= 0.77 (P&lt;0.01), 0.86 (p&lt;0.01), and 0.86 (p&lt;0.01), respectively). We found the LT as an aerobic capacity is positively and independently correlated with TEE, AEE or PAL. The present results suggest that maintaining aerobic capacity is an important factor for preventing frailty, although further research is needed to multisite studies and many samples.

scholarly journals Energy requirements of infants

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7a) ◽  
pp. 953-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F Butte
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the energy requirements of infants from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during growth.DesignEnergy requirements during infancy were estimated from total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method and energy deposition based on measured protein and fat gains.SettingDatabase on the total energy expenditure and energy deposition of infants was compiled from available studies conducted in China, Chile, Gambia, Mexico, Netherlands, UK, and USA.SubjectsHealthy, term infants.ResultsTotal energy requirements (kJ day−1) increased with age and were higher in boys than girls due to differences in weight. Energy requirements decreased from 473 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 447 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 1 month of age to 337 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 341 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 6 months of age, and thereafter tended to plateau. Energy deposition as a percentage of total energy requirements decreased from 40% at 1 month to 3% at 12 months of age. These estimates are 10–32% lower than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations which were based on observed energy intakes of infants.ConclusionsRecommendations for the energy intake of infants should be revised based on new estimates of total energy expenditure and energy deposition.

scholarly journals A quantitative analysis of the relationship between habitual energy expenditure, fitness and the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Wareham ◽  
Susie J. Hennings ◽  
Christopher D. Byrne ◽  
C. Nicholas Hales ◽  
Andrew M. Prentice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Metabolic Cardiovascular Syndrome

Previous epidemiological studies have suggested an association between low levels of physical activity, fitness and the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. However, many studies have used subjective non-quantitative questionnaire-based methods for assessing physical activity which do not distinguish between the different dimensions of this complex exposure, and in which measurement error in the exposure has not been estimated. These deficiencies in the measurement of this exposure complicate the interpretation of the results of epidemiological studies, and consequently make it difficult to design appropriate interventions and to estimate the expected benefit which would result from intervention. In particular, it is unclear whether public health advice should be to increase total energy expenditure, or to attempt to raise fitness by recommending periods of vigorous activity. To separate the effects of fitness and total energy expenditure in the aetiology of the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome, we measured the physical activity level (PAL), defined as total energy expenditure: BMR, and fitness (maximum O2consumption (Vo2maxper kg), measured in a sub-maximal test) in a cross-sectional population-based study of 162 adults aged 30–40 years. Heart-rate monitoring with individual calibration was used to measure total energy expenditure using the HRFlex method (Ceesayet al.1989) which has been validated previously against doubly-labelled water and whole-body calorimetry. The relationship between a single measure of PAL,Vo2maxper kg and the usual or habitual level for each exposure was measured in a sub-study of twenty-two subjects who undertook four repeated measures over the course of 1 year. This study design allows the reliability coefficient to be computed, which is used to adjust the observed associations for measurement error in the exposure. Twelve men (16.4%) and sixteen women (18.0%) were defined as having one or more features of the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome. The univariate odds ratio for each increasing quartile for PAL was 0.64 (95 % CI 0.43–0.94) and was 0.49 (95 % CI 0.32–0.74) forVo2maxper kg, suggesting that the association with the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome was stronger for fitness than for PAL. However, after adjustment for obesity and sex, and correction for exposure measurement error, the odds ratio per quartile for PAL was 0.32 (95 % CI 0.13–0.83) and 0.44 (95 % CI 0.24–0.78) forVo2maxper kg. Thus, although univariate analysis would suggest that fitness has a stronger association with the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome than PAL, this conclusion is reversed once confounding and the differences in measurement error are considered. We conclude from the present study that the metabolic cardiovascular syndrome is strongly associated with reduced habitual energy expenditure. The method employed to assess the exposure in the present study demonstrates the utility of assessing a known dimension of physical activity using a physiologically-based and objective measure with repeated estimation to adjust for measurement error. Such quantitative epidemiological data provide the basis for planning and evaluating the expected benefit of population-level interventions.

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