Don’t rage against the machine: why AI may be the cure for the ‘moral hazard’ of party appointments

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
Mel Andrew Schwing
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Interest

Abstract In 2010, Jan Paulsson decried the use of party-appointed arbitrators in international arbitration as a ‘moral hazard' that threatened the legitimacy of arbitration as an impartial method of dispute resolution. He suggested a series of reforms, most notably allowing arbitral institutions to make all arbitrator appointments. Over the past decade, commentators have debated Paulsson's arguments and whether arbitrators should be chosen by parties or arbitral institutions, relying on an assumption that those two methods are the only ways by which arbitrators can be selected. This essay demonstrates that both approaches are fundamentally flawed, because they are subject to the self-interest and biases of human beings. Moreover, it explains how modern technology has produced a new way by which arbitrators can be selected--specifically, via artificial intelligence (AI)--that allows for parties to have input into the selection process but removes the issues that arise when parties select arbitrators directly. As this essay illustrates, using an AI to select arbitrators will allow arbitrators to truly be independent, ensure that arbitrators are selected for their merit and not for their connections, eliminate incentives for compromise awards and the use of dissents to communicate leanings to future appointing parties, and increase diversity in arbitrator appointments.

The Changing Roles of Teachers With AI

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Libi Shen ◽  
Anchi Su
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Technology In Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Changing Roles

Artificial intelligence (AI) is ubiquitous in our lives and is progressing at an accelerated rate in the past 60 years. AI application is diverse and AI technology continues to grow. It enables a machine to think like human beings and has opened a new horizon for industries, businesses, transportation, hospitals, and schools. How is AI applied to educational settings? How will the emergence of AI technology assist teachers' teaching and improve students' learning? Will the implementation of AI technology in education replace schoolteachers? What would be the ethical concerns of AI technology? What role do teachers play with AI in education? The purpose of this chapter is to explore the roles that teachers play in the innovation and evolution of AI and to seek approaches teachers should take in coping with AI technology. Issues and problems of teaching with AI will be discussed; solutions will be recommended.

Artificial Intelligence in International Arbitration

2020 ◽  
pp. 590-616
Author(s):  
Myriam Gicquello
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Behavioural Analysis ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter assesses the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration. The contention is that it would not only reinstate confidence in the arbitral system—from the perspective of the parties and the general public—and participate in the development of the rule of law, but also engage with broader systemic considerations in enhancing its legitimacy, fairness, and efficiency. Yet, before addressing the why, what, and how of this proposition, a definition of artificial intelligence is warranted. It should be noted at the outset that this concept has a variety of meanings. Despite the lack of consensus on its meaning, the chapter will thus treat artificial intelligence as encompassing both semi-autonomous and autonomous computer systems dedicated to assisting or replacing human beings in decision-making tasks. It presents the conclusions of two extensive research programs respectively dealing with the performance of statistical models and naturalistic decision-making. From that behavioural analysis, the introduction of artificial intelligence in international arbitration be discussed against the general considerations of international adjudication and the specific goals pertaining to international arbitration.

Collective Action by Physicians: Beyond Strikes

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSAN DORR GOOLD
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
House Officer ◽  
The Self ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Common Goals

“Collective action” usually brings to mind images of picket signs held by laborers striking for better wages and benefits. Collective action, however, need not be limited to the withholding of labor. Nor need it involve only the working or middle classes, as airline pilots have recently demonstrated. Finally, collective action need not have as its only purpose the self-interest of the group. Collective action does, however, always involve a joining together of individuals united by common goals or interests in order to consolidate power for the purpose of negotiating with another group or entity. Examples of collective action obviously include striking, other withholding labor actions, and slowdowns, but can also include many other activities. “Paper strikes,” for example, have been threatened or used by house officer organizations in the past. In a paper strike, patient care continues but without documentation, and thus, the institution suffers from absent or delayed financial remuneration.

scholarly journals Robotics and Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estifanos Tilahun Mihret
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Near Future ◽  
And Robotics

Artificial intelligence and robotics are very recent technologies and risks for our world. They are developing their capacity dramatically and shifting their origins of developing intention to other dimensions. When humans see the past histories of AI and robotics, human beings can examine and understand the objectives and intentions of them which to make life easy and assist human beings within different circumstances and situations. However, currently and in the near future, due to changing the attitude of robotic and AI inventors and experts as well as based on the AI nature that their capacity of environmental acquisition and adaptation, they may become predators and put creatures at risk. They may also inherit the full nature of creatures. Thus, finally they will create their new universe or the destiny of our universe will be in danger.

Empathy and Altruism

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Daniel Batson
Keyword(s):  
Empathic Concern ◽  
The Self ◽  
Altruistic Motivation ◽  
Tentative Conclusion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Interest

Do we humans ever, in any degree, care about others for their sakes and not simply for our own? Psychology has long assumed that everything humans do, no matter how nice and noble, is motivated by self-interest. Research over the past four decades suggests this assumption is wrong. The empathy-altruism hypothesis claims that empathic concern produces altruistic motivation. Results of the over 35 experiments designed to test this hypothesis against various egoistic alternatives have proved remarkably supportive, leading to the tentative conclusion that feeling empathic concern for a person in need does indeed evoke altruistic motivation to see that need relieved. This chapter attempts to clarify what role the self plays in empathy-induced altruism.

Changing Landscape of Recruitment Industry: A Study on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Eliminating Hiring Bias from Recruitment and Selection Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 4404-4407
Author(s):  
P. V. Raveendra ◽  
Y. M. Satish ◽  
Padmalini Singh
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Unconscious Bias ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recruitment And Selection ◽  
The Impact

An emerging trend of implementing Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies can be seen in such domains that were solely dominated by humans. Today, AI is utilized extensively in HR department to assist and accelerate recruitment and selection process (Martin, F.R., 2019. Employers Are Now Using Artificial Intelligence To Stop Bias In Hiring. Retrieved September 22, 2019, from analyticsindiamag. com: https://analyticsindiamag.com/employersare-using-ai-stop-bias-hiring/.). This paper attempts to present the impact of AI on recruitment and selection process, incorporation of AI in eliminating unconscious biases during hiring. The study addresses the rising questions such as how AI has changed the landscape of recruitment industry, role of AI in recruitment and selection process, whether AI can help in eliminating the unconscious bias during recruitment and selection process. In order to uncover the understanding and figure out the potential solutions that AI brings to the HR process, an extensive review of literature has been carried out. It is concluded by analyzing the past contributions that AI offers potential solution to recruitment managers in optimizing the recruitment and selection process and is able to negate human biases prevalent during hiring. The future waits for augmented intelligence technologies offering better results taking over repetitive administrative jobs completely.

scholarly journals The Scenes of Future Peacekeeping Operations in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Ye Yudan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Past History ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
New Era ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Original Intention ◽  
History Of

UN led peacekeeping operations began in 1948. Since then, peacekeeping operations have gradually entered an information age that is constantly influenced and defined by computers, the Internet, etc. The invention of computer, whether or not its original intention is limited to the purpose of assisting human beings in numerical calculation, will eventually lead to the generation of intelligent machines that can ex-tend and enhance the abilities of human beings to transform nature and govern so-ciety. When artificial intelligence is widely used and has shaped the society into a hu-man-computer symbiotic society, peacekeeping operations must take the initiative to face the new era environment which is different from the past history of human beings, and make efforts to solve the complex problems they are facing.

scholarly journals Turning crowds into communities: The collectives of online citizen science

2021 ◽  
pp. 030631272110587
Author(s):  
Jérôme Baudry ◽  
Élise Tancoigne ◽  
Bruno J Strasser
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The Self ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Natural Community ◽  
Defining Moment ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Interest

Over the past two decades, a number of digital platforms have been developed with the aim of engaging citizens in scientific research projects. The success of these platforms depends in no small part on their ability to attract and retain participants, turning diffuse crowds of users into active and productive communities. This article investigates how the collectives of online citizen science are formed and governed, and identifies two ideal-types of government, either based on self-interest or on universal norms of science. Based on an ethnography of three citizen science platforms and a series of interviews with their managers, we show how different technologies – rhetorical, of the self, social, and ontological – can be diversely combined to configure these collectives. We suggest that the shift from individual projects to platforms is a defining moment for online citizen science, during which the technologies that sustain the collectives are standardized and automatized in ways that make the crowd appear to be a natural community.

2 Agreement to Arbitrate

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blackaby Nigel ◽  
Partasides Constantine ◽  
Redfern Alan ◽  
Hunter Martin
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
The Future ◽  
Foundation Stone

This chapter further explores the element of the agreement to arbitrate, which serves as the foundation stone of international arbitration. It describes the consent of the parties to submit to arbitration-a consent that is indispensable to any process of dispute resolution outside national courts. The chapter examines and compares the two basic types of arbitration agreement: the arbitration clause and the submission agreement. An arbitration clause looks to the future, whereas a submission agreement looks to the past. The first, which is most common, is usually contained in the principal agreement between the parties and is an agreement to submit future disputes to arbitration. The second is an agreement to submit existing disputes to arbitration.

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