scholarly journals Comparative Fuel use of Migrating Passerines: Effects of Fat Stores, Migration Distance, and Diet

The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Z. Gannes
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fuel Use ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Blood Metabolite ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Flight Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

AbstractLipids are the dominant fuel source during migratory flight, but the factors controlling the relative importance of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate to flight metabolism remain unclear. I tested the nonexclusive hypotheses that diet, migration distance, or endogenous lipid reserves mediate variation in the fuels birds catabolize during migration. Blood plasma metabolite concentrations were significantly different among species, and indicated clear differences in protein and lipid utilization among three turdid chat and five sylviid warbler species caught during spring migration in the Negev Desert, Israel. Fruit-eating species (omnivores) catabolized less protein and more lipid during migration than insectivores. Metabolite concentrations of omnivorous Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla), Garden Warblers (S. borin), and Lesser Whitethroats (S. curruca) were consistent with low rates of proteolysis (low uric acid), and high rates of lipolysis (high free-fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate). On the other hand, metabolite concentrations of insectivorous Redstarts (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), Nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos), Thrush Nightingales (L. luscinia), Barred Warblers (S. nisoria), and Orphean Warblers (S. hortensis) indicated increased proteolysis and decreased lipolysis. Blood metabolite concentrations, however, were not correlated with migration distance, and the results do not support the hypothesis that long-distance migrants use fuel differently than short-distance migrants. Triacylglycerol mobilization was positively correlated with the amount of visible subcutaneous fat, but blood metabolite composition was more strongly affected by diet. Omnivores and insectivores exhibit different fuel-use strategies to overcome the physiological challenges of migration.

scholarly journals Fat-Deposition Strategies Among High-Latitude Passerine Migrants

The Auk ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-557
Author(s):  
Anna-Marie Benson ◽  
Kevin Winker
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Condition Indices

Abstract We studied fat stores in passerine migrants at a high-latitude site in Fairbanks, Alaska (64°50'N, 147°50'W). We examined fat-deposition strategies during the final (spring) and initial (autumn) stages of long-distance migration, 1992–1998, to (1) improve understanding of geographic fat-deposition patterns by adding a high-latitude perspective; (2) determine whether there are age-related differences in fat-deposition strategies in autumn; and (3) test the “spring fatter” hypothesis of seasonal fat-deposition, which suggests that migrants should carry more fat in spring when they near their breeding areas than in autumn when they depart. Our analyses examined factors affecting daily fat scores during migration and compared between-season differences in fat stores among a total of 18,685 individuals of 16 migrant species. In autumn, adults had higher visible subcutaneous fat scores than immatures in 11 of 16 species. However, in all but two species, those differences were attributable to the effects of overnight low temperature, day length, and time of day, rather than age, probably because of later departures by adults. Fat scores were higher in autumn than in spring in 6 of 16 species, and body-condition indices were higher in autumn in 5 of 16 species. Only one species showed higher fat scores in spring, but that difference was not reflected in a seasonal comparison of body- condition indices. No species arrived with high fat loads in spring, and generally low fat levels in autumn suggest that high-latitude passerine migrants in North America are paying most of the energetic costs of long-distance migration with resources obtained en route to their wintering grounds. Among passerine migrants near these high-latitude breeding grounds, seasonal fat-deposition strategies appear to be responding to energetic needs at the level of daily maintenance, rather than to hypothesized insurance needs in spring or to the forthcoming needs of a long- distance migration in autumn.

scholarly journals Effect of precalving and postcalving dietary energy level on performance and blood metabolite concentrations of dairy cows throughout lactation

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 808-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Law ◽  
F.J. Young ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
D.J. Kilpatrick ◽  
A.R.G. Wylie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Blood Metabolite ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations

scholarly journals Metabolic plasticity for subcutaneous fat accumulation in a long-distance migratory bird traced by2H2O

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (6) ◽  
pp. 1072-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Viegas ◽  
Pedro M. Araújo ◽  
Afonso D. Rocha ◽  
Auxiliadora Villegas ◽  
John G. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity

Effect of Peripheral Serotonin on Plasma Metabolite Concentrations and Glucose Uptake in Several Tissues

2011 ◽  
pp. P1-492-P1-492
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Watanabe ◽  
Kazuki Saito ◽  
Ryo Saito ◽  
Tatsuya Nakano ◽  
Shyuichi Ohwada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

scholarly journals Brain regions associated with visual cues are important for bird migration

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 20150678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orsolya Vincze ◽  
Csongor I. Vágási ◽  
Péter L. Pap ◽  
Gergely Osváth ◽  
Anders Pape Møller
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migration Distance ◽  
Whole Brain

Long-distance migratory birds have relatively smaller brains than short-distance migrants or residents. Here, we test whether reduction in brain size with migration distance can be generalized across the different brain regions suggested to play key roles in orientation during migration. Based on 152 bird species, belonging to 61 avian families from six continents, we show that the sizes of both the telencephalon and the whole brain decrease, and the relative size of the optic lobe increases, while cerebellum size does not change with increasing migration distance. Body mass, whole brain size, optic lobe size and wing aspect ratio together account for a remarkable 46% of interspecific variation in average migration distance across bird species. These results indicate that visual acuity might be a primary neural adaptation to the ecological challenge of migration.

Plasma Cocaine Metabolite and Liver CYP450 3A4 Isoenzyme Levels as Indicators of Cocaine Dependence in Rats Treated with Nutritional Supplements

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natwaine Sherune Gardner ◽  
Kedon JS Luke ◽  
Andrew O. Wheatley ◽  
Winston G. De La Haye ◽  
Perceval Bahado-Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Clearance ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Cytochrome P450 3A4 ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Plasma Analysis ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Chronic Cocaine ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Metabolite

The effects that chronic cocaine administration (CCA) have on craving, cocaine metabolite concentrations and cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme (CYP450 3A4) activities in Sprague-Dawley rats following the administration of Salako Nutritional Supplements (SNS) were examined. Five groups of fifty rats were used to assess the effect of the SNS following CCA. Craving was analyzed for each rat using a Conditioned Place Preference protocol. Blood samples were obtained at regular intervals and used to measure cocaine plasma metabolite levels. CYP450 3A4 activity was determined in the liver. Administration of the SNS reduced craving of cocaine significantly, upon discontinuing cocaine in the rats. Blood plasma analysis showing higher benzoylecgonine equilibrium and the CYP450 3A4 levels demonstrated that the SNS possibly aided in the removal of the stored metabolites indicative of increased metabolism of cocaine, enhanced by the Supplements. Results indicate that the SNS formulation reduces craving caused by CCA by increasing the liver CYP450 3A4 activity, resulting in better plasma clearance.

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