Prospective Study of Eating Habits as a Predictor of Incident Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization and Mortality: The 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey

Abstract Objectives Eating habits such as skipping breakfast and snacking are increasingly common practices among North American adults; however, their long-term effects on incident coronary heart disease (CHD) outcomes remain unknown. Previous studies of breakfast skipping and/or eating frequency and cardiometabolic risk have suggested plausible biological pathways for either a protective or harmful relationship to exist, especially when other cardiometabolic risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity are present. The objectives of this study were to assess whether long-term associations exist between eating habits (skipping breakfast and eating frequency) and incident CHD (hospitalization and mortality risk), and whether these are intensified by the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods Skipping breakfast (yes/no) and eating frequency (times per day) were assessed via a 24-hour dietary recall in a nationally representative sample of 13,587 adults (aged ≥18 years) in the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), who were free of CHD and cancer. Data from the CCHS 2.2 were linked to the population-based Discharge Abstract Database and Canadian Mortality Database to determine the incidence of CHD hospitalization and mortality in the subsequent 9 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results During follow-up, 762 cases of CHD hospitalization and mortality were documented. Skipping breakfast was not associated with risk of CHD hospitalization and mortality in all participants together (multivariable-adjusted HR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.74–1.39) or within baseline risk factor subgroups (hypertension: n = 2472; 0.95, 0.55–1.64; diabetes: n = 826; 1.38, 0.65–2.93; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2: n = 2942; 1.43, 0.84–2.43). Similarly, no associations were observed between eating frequency and risk of CHD hospitalization and mortality. Conclusions Skipping breakfast and eating frequency were not associated with either increased or decreased risk of CHD hospitalization and mortality in this cohort of Canadian adults. Funding Sources Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation Development and Innovative Grant and a Nova Scotia Health Authority Research Foundation New Investigator Grant to LEC.

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Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms modulate cardiometabolic risk factors in patients in long-term remission of Cushing’s syndrome

Endocrine ◽

10.1007/s12020-016-0883-z ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 63-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sean H. P. P. Roerink ◽

M. A. E. M. Wagenmakers ◽

J. W. A. Smit ◽

E. F. C. van Rossum ◽

R. T. Netea-Maier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽

Cushing’S Syndrome ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cushing's Syndrome ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms

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Long-Term Effects of Dietary .ALPHA.-Linolenic Acid from Perilla Oil on Serum Fatty Acids Composition and on the Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease in Japanese Elderly Subjects.

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology ◽

10.3177/jnsv.45.759 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 759-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Osamu EZAKI ◽

Mayumi TAKAHASHI ◽

Takashi SHIGEMATSU ◽

Kyoko SHIMAMURA ◽

Junji KIMURA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Japanese Elderly

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Long-term trends of BMI and cardiometabolic risk factors among adults with type 1 diabetes: an observational study from the German/Austrian DPV registry

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108973 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108973

Author(s):

Alena Welters ◽

Sascha R Tittel ◽

Katharina Laubner ◽

Markus Laimer ◽

Diethelm Tschöpe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Observational Study ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Long Term Trends

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Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Children: Recognition, Evaluation, and Therapy

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.2.5.131 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 131-138

Author(s):

C. J. Glueck ◽

M. J. Mellies ◽

R. C. Tsang ◽

J. A. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

Chd Risk ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Atherosclerosis Prevention

PEDIATRIC GENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS Atherosclerosis results from a variety of pathophysiologic disturbances, some currently recognized, and many undoubtedly not yet recognized, which in aggregate are identified as risk factors. Genetic and environmental influences conjointly affect the incidence and the severity of these risk factors and, thus, coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Prophylaxis should be designed to prevent or retard the development of arterial plaques. This suggests that diagnostic and preventive efforts should begin in childhood. Eating habits are also probably established in childhood, allowing their early modification. The atherosclerotic plaque appears to have its genesis in childhood. The data from wartime autopsies confirm the presence of mature atherosclerotic lesions by the end of the second decade and emphasize the importance of primary atherosclerosis prevention beginning in the first and second decades. While there are clearly genetic factors in CHD, variation in rates in differing geographic areas appears less likely to be related to genetic than to environmental differences. Marked differences in plasma cholesterol levels are found in children in different geographic areas, generally paralleling pediatric cholesterol and saturated fat intake and the incidence of adult coronary heart disease. The relationships of elevated total plasma cholesterol levels to the incidence of coronary heart disease are clearly established in adults.

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Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Diabetes: A Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11092209 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2209 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hana Kahleova ◽

Jordi Salas-Salvadó ◽

Dario Rahelić ◽

Cyril WC Kendall ◽

Emilie Rembert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Liquid Meal ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Meta Analyses

The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) conducted a review of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses to explain the relationship between different dietary patterns and patient-important cardiometabolic outcomes. To update the clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy in the prevention and management of diabetes, we summarize the evidence from these evidence syntheses for the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Portfolio, Nordic, liquid meal replacement, and vegetarian dietary patterns. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of evidence. We summarized the evidence for disease incidence outcomes and risk factor outcomes using risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. The Mediterranean diet showed a cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence (RR: 0.62; 95%CI, 0.50, 0.78), and non-significant CVD mortality (RR: 0.67; 95%CI, 0.45, 1.00) benefit. The DASH dietary pattern improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05) and was associated with the decreased incidence of CVD (RR, 0.80; 95%CI, 0.76, 0.85). Vegetarian dietary patterns were associated with improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05) and the reduced incidence (0.72; 95%CI: 0.61, 0.85) and mortality (RR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.69, 0.88) of coronary heart disease. The Portfolio dietary pattern improved cardiometabolic risk factors and reduced estimated 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by 13% (−1.34% (95%CI, −2.19 to −0.49)). The Nordic dietary pattern was correlated with decreased CVD (0.93 (95%CI, 0.88, 0.99)) and stroke incidence (0.87 (95%CI, 0.77, 0.97)) and, along with liquid meal replacements, improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05). The evidence was assessed as low to moderate certainty for most dietary patterns and outcome pairs. Current evidence suggests that the Mediterranean, DASH, Portfolio, Nordic, liquid meal replacement and vegetarian dietary patterns have cardiometabolic advantages in populations inclusive of diabetes.

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Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents – ERICA

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520003992 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Marielly Rodrigues de Souza ◽

Morgana Egle Alves Neves ◽

Amanda de Moura Souza ◽

Ana Paula Muraro ◽

Rosangela Alves Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Weight ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽

Excess Body Weight ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Cardiovascular Risks ◽

Skipping Breakfast

Abstract Breakfast is considered as the most important meal of the day. The habit of skipping this meal in adolescence tends to remain until adulthood and has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The present study estimated the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationally representative sample of 36 956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 12–17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The outcomes were excess body weight (BMI), central obesity (waist circumference and waist:height ratio), lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG) and glycidic profile (fasting glycaemia, fasting insulin and glycated Hb). The association between skipping breakfast and each outcome was estimated using multiple Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio (PR) and 95 % CI). Prevalence of skipping breakfast was 68·7 % and, after adjustments, it was associated with excess body weight (PR = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·43), central obesity both by waist circumference (PR = 1·27; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·61) and by waist:height ratio (PR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·54) and high fasting glucose levels (PR = 1·54; 95 % CI 1·09, 2·18), fasting insulin (PR = 1·64; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·22), glycated Hb (PR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·31) and total cholesterol (PR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·27). Skipping breakfast was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. In this context, the school environment is an ideal space to promote healthy eating habits, favouring the implementation of food and nutrition education activities to make adolescents aware of the importance of consuming breakfast daily.

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Long term risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: influence of duration of follow-up over four decades of mortality surveillance

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology ◽

10.1177/2047487314547659 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 1139-1145 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G David Batty ◽

Martin Shipley ◽

George Davey Smith ◽

Mika Kivimaki

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Mortality Surveillance

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Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

Obesity ◽

10.1038/oby.2008.418 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 2648-2651 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

B. Selma Mohammed ◽

Samuel Cohen ◽

Dominic Reeds ◽

V. Leroy Young ◽

Samuel Klein

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Large Volume ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Long Term Effects

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Association between eating habits, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children

Revista de Nutrição ◽

10.1590/1678-9865202134e200116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Angelo dos Santos DUARTE JUNIOR ◽

Adroaldo Cezar Araujo GAYA ◽

Vanilson Batista LEMES ◽

Camila Felin FOCHESATTO ◽

Caroline BRAND ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Body ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the multivariate relationships between eating habits, cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Methods This is a cross-sectional study developed in a public elementary school with 60 first- to sixth-graders. Their eating habits were assessed using the Food Frequency Survey, weight, height, and cardiorespiratory fitness, assessed according to the Projeto Esporte Brasil protocol. Moreover, the variables, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, diastolic and systolic blood pressure were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and generalized estimation equations were used for the analysis of direct and indirect relations, in a multivariate analysis model with several simultaneous outcomes. Results It appears that the eating habits and cardiorespiratory fitness explain 20% of the body mass index. Cardiometabolic risk factors are explained by the relationship between eating habits, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index, according to the following percentages: 29% (systolic blood pressure), 18% (diastolic blood pressure), 63% (leptin), 4% (adiponectin), 14% (C-reactive protein), 17% (insulin), 10% (high-density lipoprotein), 1% (low-density lipoprotein), 4% (glucose). It is also observed that the effects of the eating habits on cardiometabolic risk factors are indirect, that is, they are dependent on changes in the body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. Conclusions The relationship between eating habits and cardiometabolic risk factors in children is dependent on cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index. Thus, our findings suggest a multivariate relationship between these factors.

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