scholarly journals Effects of Energy Deficit on Secretory IgA During a Simulated Multi-Stressor Military Operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1143-1143
Author(s):  
Claire Whitney ◽  
Adrienne Hatch-McChesney ◽  
Jillian Allen ◽  
Stephen Hennigar ◽  
James McClung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Main Effect

Abstract Objectives Secretory IgA (SIgA) is a critical component of mucosal immunity and a first line of defense against pathogens. Intense physical exercise, lack of sleep, and inadequate energy intake are frequently observed during military training and operations. These factors are associated with a decline in SIgA and may increase the risk of infection; however, to what degree each of these factors contributes to immune dysfunction is unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of severe energy deficit on mucosal immunity (SIgA) during a multi-day period of intense training. Methods The parent study was a randomized, crossover trial in healthy males (n = 10, 22.4 ± 5.4 y, 87.3 ± 10.9 kg) to assess the effect of severe negative energy balance on inflammation, iron absorption, and other physiological and cognitive outcomes during a simulated sustained military operation (SUSOPS; high energy expenditure with repeated bouts of intense exercise). Participants completed two SUSOPS trials and were randomized to consume ± 10% of estimated total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, energy balance) or 45% of TDEE (energy deficit). At 0500 on each SUSOPS day (D1: baseline, D2:24 h, D3:48 h), participants placed polyester oral swabs under their tongue for 3-mins. A second swab was collected (i.e., placed under the tongue until saturation) to ensure adequate sample volume. SIgA secretion rate (μg/min) was calculated from SIgA concentration (μg/mL; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and salivary flow rate (mL/min). Dependent variables were log10 transformed due to non-normal distribution and data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Results Independent of treatment, a main effect of time (P = 0.01) was observed where SIgA secretion rate declined by 20% from D2 [1.77 ± 0.34 μg/min] to D3 [1.41 ± 0.51 μg/min], P = 0.001, with no significant treatment by time interactions. A main effect of time (P = 0.01) was also found wherein SIgA concentration declined by 13% from D2 [2.67 ± 0.32 μg/mL] to D3 [2.33 ± 0.37 μg/mL], P = 0.001. There were no main or treatment effects with regard to SIgA flow rate. Conclusions Mucosal immune response, as measured by SIgA, declined in response to SUSOPS. Severe energy deficit did not exacerbate the decline in SIgA secretion rate observed in response to the high intensity, multi-stressor training scenario. Funding Sources US Army Medical Research and Development Command.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure and dietary intake of female collegiate tennis and soccer players during a competitive season

Kinesiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Sami Yli-Piipari
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Dietary Behavior ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
Main Effect

This study examined energy expenditure, dietary behavior, and energy balance of female tennis and soccer student-athletes during a competitive season. A sample of 18 (Mage=19.86±1.35 years) Division I female collegiate student-athletes (5 tennis and 13 soccer players) were followed for four days, i. e., during one game/match, two practice sessions, and one recovery day. Physical activity was assessed with accelerometers and dietary behavior with daily food logs. Daily energy expenditure for the game/match, practice, and rest days was 2,848±304kcal, 2,622±248kcal, and 1,833±959kcal, respectively, with a statistically significant main effect (F[2,16]=82.291, p<.001, η2=.91). Daily dietary intake ranged from 1,833±959 to 1849±371kcal, with no significant interaction between different days. There were no sport specific differences in energy expenditure or dietary behaviors. Athletes consumed 4.30±2.07 g/kg carbohydrates, 1.57±.98 g/kg protein, and 1.27±.80 g/kg fats daily. There was a significant main effect in dietary intake (F[2,16]=7.311, p=.006, η2=.48), with a difference between game/match and recovery days (t[17]=3.83, p=.001, d=1.19). This study showed a negative energy balance among female student-athletes. The findings indicate that the lack of carbohydrate intake during game/match days contributed to this energy deficit.

scholarly journals Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Schubert ◽  
Elyse A. Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Activity Energy

CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.

scholarly journals ENERGY BALANCE AND VITAL SIGNS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0020
Author(s):  
Julie A. Young ◽  
Jessica Napolitano ◽  
Mitchell J. Rauh ◽  
Jeanne Nichols ◽  
Anastasia N. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Males And Females

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have shown that vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature are depressed in patients with an eating disorder who have experienced a negative energy balance for a significant amount of time. More recently, a negative energy balance has been the focus of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), which links energy availability to the health of multiple body systems in adults in as little as 5 days with a negative energy balance. High rates of disordered eating patterns have been reported in high school athletes. As adolescents grow, the consequences of a negative energy balance can be significant and potentially irreversible. Thus, vital signs may help clinicians quickly evaluate a patient’s energy status or highlight them for further evaluation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine energy balance and vital signs in a cohort of adolescents who were seen by a sports dietitian to gain weight or optimize sports performance. METHODS: We evaluated 240 subjects, 83% female, average age 15.0±2.3 years. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured with a dynamometer in a seated position. Body temperature was measured orally. Height and weight were recorded. BMI was then calculated and evaluated by percentile. Energy intake was assessed using a 3-day food recall log. Energy expenditure was calculated using Harris Benedict Equation and combined with estimated exercise energy expenditure. Energy balance was estimated as energy intake minus energy expenditure. RESULTS: Average age was 15.03±2.71. 85% were female. 30% were below the 15th percentile for BMI. There were no differences in BMI percentiles between males and females (p=0.99). The average heart rate was 71.62±13.4 bpm and 19% were below the 10th percentile for heart rate. Average systolic blood pressure was 110±11 mm Hg and average diastolic blood pressure was 62±7 mmHg. Average temperature was 98.1±.4 degrees F. 88%were in a negative energy balance with an average energy deficit of 552±511 calories. There were no statistically significant differences in energy balance between males and females (p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: A disproportional number of children with low BMI and heart rate percentiles was observed, which may indicate a long-standing energy deficiency. We also found a high proportion of adolescents who experienced a standalone negative energy balance itself or vital signs consistent with a negative energy balance. Additional studies are needed to study the relationships between energy deficit magnitude and duration in adolescents and children.

scholarly journals Whey protein effects on energy balance link the intestinal mechanisms of energy absorption with adiposity and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (1) ◽  
pp. E1-E11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanishka N. Nilaweera ◽  
Raul Cabrera-Rubio ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Paula M. O’Connor ◽  
AnneMarie McAuliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Sucrose Content

We tested the hypothesis that dietary whey protein isolate (WPI) affects the intestinal mechanisms related to energy absorption and that the resulting energy deficit is compensated by changes in energy balance to support growth. C57BL/6 mice were provided a diet enriched with WPI with varied sucrose content, and the impact on energy balance-related parameters was investigated. As part of a high-sucrose diet, WPI reduced the hypothalamic expression of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and increased energy intake. The energy expenditure was unaffected, but epididymal weight was reduced, indicating an energy loss. Notably, there was a reduction in the ileum gene expression for amino acid transporter SLC6a19, glucose transporter 2, and fatty acid transporter 4. The composition of the gut microbiota also changed, where Firmicutes were reduced. The above changes indicated reduced energy absorption through the intestine. We propose that this mobilized energy in the adipose tissue and caused hypothalamic changes that increased energy intake, acting to counteract the energy deficit arising in the intestine. Lowering the sucrose content in the WPI diet increased energy expenditure. This further reduced epididymal weight and plasma leptin, whereupon hypothalamic ghrelin gene expression and the intestinal weight were both increased. These data suggest that when the intestine-adipose-hypothalamic pathway is subjected to an additional energy loss (now in the adipose tissue), compensatory changes attempt to assimilate more energy. Notably, WPI and sucrose content interact to enable the component mechanisms of this pathway.

scholarly journals Declines in Dietary Iron Absorption Following Simulated Military Operations Are Exacerbated by Energy Deficit

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1807-1807
Author(s):  
Stephen Hennigar ◽  
Adrienne Hatch-McChesney ◽  
Jillian Allen ◽  
Christopher Carrigan ◽  
Nancy Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure

Abstract Objectives Iron status declines with military training; however, the reason for the decline is not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary iron absorption is reduced following military training and whether energy deficit during training modifies the effect. Methods This was a randomized, cross-over, controlled-feeding trial in healthy, active duty military males (n = 10, age 22.4 ± 5.4 y, weight 87.3 ± 10.9 kg) with normal iron status (serum ferritin 77.0 ± 36.7 ng/mL). Following a rest day (no exercise), participants completed a 72-h simulated sustained military operations (SUSOPS) followed by a 7-d recovery period. SUSOPS was comprised of military tasks designed to elicit high energy expenditures, muscle damage, and sleep deprivation. During SUSOPS, participants were randomized to consume ± 10% of estimated total daily energy expenditure (BAL) or 45% of total daily energy expenditure to induce severe negative energy balance (NEG BAL), but an equivalent amount of dietary iron. Two hours after rest, BAL, and NEG BAL participants consumed a beverage containing 3.8 mg of a stable iron isotope and plasma isotope appearance and hepcidin were determined 0, 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min later. Results BAL maintained weight (−0.03 ± 0.8 kg) and muscle glycogen (4.1 ± 68.1% change), while NEG BAL lost weight (−2.38 ± 1.7 kg, P < 0.01) and muscle glycogen (−47.6 ± 17.8% change, P = 0.08) during SUSOPS. C-reactive protein (rest 1.2 ± 0.9, BAL 4.7 ± 3.6, NEG BAL 4.8 ± 3.5 mg/L, Pphase < 0.001) increased with SUSOPS compared to rest regardless of energy balance. Peak plasma isotope appearance at 120 min was 49% lower with BAL (116.9 ± 81.4% change from 0 min) and 74% lower with NEG BAL (58.9 ± 38.1%) compared to rest (229.7 ± 97.3%, P < 0.01 for all comparisons). Plasma hepcidin was not different at 0 min (rest 7.2 ± 1.6, BAL 6.7 ± 2.4, NEG BAL 6.8 ± 1.7 ng/mL, P = 0.79) and peaked at 360 min (rest 19.4 ± 9.5, BAL 9.5 ± 4.7, NEG BAL 13.7 ± 8.9 ng/mL, P = 0.03). Conclusions Dietary iron absorption is reduced following SUSOPS in healthy males with normal iron status and the reduction is exacerbated with energy deficit. Circulating concentrations of hepcidin following 72-h SUSOPS do not appear to mediate the reduction in dietary iron absorption. Funding Sources The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect official policy of the Army, DoD, or US Government. Supported by MRDC.

scholarly journals Influence of intense physical activity on energy balance and body fatness

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Intense Physical Activity ◽  
Free Living Conditions

The reduced contribution of physical activity to daily energy expenditure and the accessibility to high-fat foods have put an excessive burden on energy balance, resulting in an increase in the prevalence of obesity throughout the world. In this context, fat gain can be seen as a natural adaptation to deal with a fattening lifestyle, since the hormonal adaptations that accompany fat gain favour the readjustment of energy expenditure to energy intake. Intense physical activity would also seem to facilitate the regulation of energy balance, since it increases the energy cost of exercise, increases post-exercise energy expenditure and the potential of skeletal muscles to utilize lipids, and also favours a decrease in post-exercise intake. Moreover, the effects of intense exercise seem to be mediated by an activation of sympathetic nervous system activity that seems to be specific to skeletal muscle. It is also important to manipulate macronutrient composition in order to reduce fat intake, because unhealthy food habits can favour overfeeding and thus overcome the energy deficit caused by regular physical activity. Under free-living conditions, the combination of vigorous activity and healthy food practices can amount to a substantial weight loss which is comparable with that of other non-surgical approaches to treat obesity.

scholarly journals Use of ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP as an Index of Energy Utilization and Storage in HIV Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal, Prospective, Case-Controlled Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Uchenna Modestus Ezugwu ◽  
Chinedum Charles Onyenekwe ◽  
Nkiruka Rose Ukibe ◽  
Joseph Eberendu Ahaneku ◽  
Christian Ejike Onah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Altered Metabolism ◽  
Pre Treatment

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with altered metabolism and increased energy expenditure, this energy requirement increases significantly as the HIV disease progresses. This study aimed on the use of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as an index of energy utilization, storage and energy balance in HIV infected individuals. This is a longitudinal, prospective, case-controlled study involving seventy seven (77) HIV Sero-positive individuals newly diagnosed attending retroviral disease treatment centre of Nnamdi Azikiwe University University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) aged 18-60 years both male and female not on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), were enrolled in the study as test subjects and thirty six (36) apparently healthy HIV Sero-negative individuals both male and female as control subjects. ATP, GTP, ADP and AMP were estimated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while, total Energy Balance was determined by calculation. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software application (version 21.0) and the results expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The plasma ATP and GTP were significantly lower (P<0.05) in both HIV pre-treatment and post-treatment group compared with control group. Meanwhile, the plasma level of ADP and AMP were significantly lower (P<0.05) in HIV post-treatment group compared   with HIV pre-treatment and control group. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) in ATP, ADP, AMP and GTP level between HIV pre-treatment and post-treatment group. Meanwhile, the energy balance was lower (P<0.05) in HIV groups compared with control group. However, the energy balance in HIV post-treatment group was significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to HIV pre- treatment group. In conclusion, the significant changes in the biochemical parameters measured suggest altered metabolism, increased energy expenditure and energy deficit/negative energy balance in HIV subjects resulting from increased energy expenditure. Hence, High energy molecules such ATP, ADP, GTP and AMP can be used to predict early energy deficit and manage energy imbalance in HIV infected individuals.

scholarly journals Skipping Breakfast Before Exercise Creates a More Negative 24-hour Energy Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Physically Active Young Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (8) ◽  
pp. 1326-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Edinburgh ◽  
Aaron Hengist ◽  
Harry A Smith ◽  
Rebecca L Travers ◽  
James A Betts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Daily Energy

ABSTRACT Background At rest, omission of breakfast lowers daily energy intake, but also lowers energy expenditure, attenuating any effect on energy balance. The effect of breakfast omission on energy balance when exercise is prescribed is unclear. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effect on 24-h energy balance of omitting compared with consuming breakfast prior to exercise. Methods Twelve healthy physically active young men (age 23 ± 3 y, body mass index 23.6 ± 2.0 kg/m2) completed 3 trials in a randomized order (separated by >1 week): a breakfast of oats and milk (431 kcal; 65 g carbohydrate, 11 g fat, 19 g protein) followed by rest (BR); breakfast before exercise (BE; 60 min cycling at 50 % peak power output); and overnight fasting before exercise (FE). The 24-h energy intake was calculated based on the food consumed for breakfast, followed by an ad libitum lunch, snacks, and dinner. Indirect calorimetry with heart-rate accelerometry was used to measure substrate utilization and 24-h energy expenditure. A [6,6-2H2]glucose infusion was used to investigate tissue-specific carbohydrate utilization. Results The 24-h energy balance was −400 kcal (normalized 95% CI: −230, −571 kcal) for the FE trial; this was significantly lower than both the BR trial (492 kcal; normalized 95% CI: 332, 652 kcal) and the BE trial (7 kcal; normalized 95% CI: −153, 177 kcal; both P < 0.01 compared with FE). Plasma glucose utilization in FE (mainly representing liver glucose utilization) was positively correlated with energy intake compensation at lunch (r = 0.62, P = 0.03), suggesting liver carbohydrate plays a role in postexercise energy-balance regulation. Conclusions Neither exercise energy expenditure nor restricted energy intake via breakfast omission were completely compensated for postexercise. In healthy men, pre-exercise breakfast omission creates a more negative daily energy balance and could therefore be a useful strategy to induce a short-term energy deficit. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02258399.

Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tatyana Dzimbova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

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