Adolescent athletes and nutrition – analysis of two groups of children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tatyana Dzimbova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Adolescent Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Proper nutrition is crucial for child and adolescent athletes to maintain growth and development and to achieveoptimal results in sports. It is very important to balance the energy expenditure with the energy intake in order to prevent the energy deficit or excess.Materials and methods. Subjects involved in two different sports participated in the study: 13 gymnasts (age 13.8 ± 4.1 years, height 153.4 ± 11.3 cm, weight 47.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 15 basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.1 years, height 176.7 ± 7.9 cm, weight 65.2 ± 10.7 kg). Determination of total energy expenditure was made by prediction equations. The subjects maintained a food records for 5 consecutive days, which were processed in the ASA24 system of the NCI. Results and discussion. Energy intake in both groups is sufficient to meet the daily needs, development of young athletes andprovide the energy needed in training. The intake of three minerals (calcium, magnesium and potassium) and three vitamins (D, E and A) was lower than recommended values in both groups.Conclusion. As a result of the busy schedule of adolescent athletes, their main meals are out of home, and the proportion of highly processed foods containing small amounts of important vitamins and minerals is high. The main recommendations include dairy products, fruits, vegetables and whole grains. The idea behind the changes is to give young athletes the right diet and the right eating habits.

scholarly journals Perspective of an Appropriate Amount of Energy Intake and Actual Meal for the Diabetic and/or Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Bando H
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Metabolic Equivalent ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Adequate nutritional therapy and research have been crucial for diabetes and obesity. Recent topics include Calorie restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). It is rather difficult to calculate energy intake in person, and also to calculate the energy of the meal. There are some methods for investigating these factors, such as the total energy expenditure (TEE), physical-activity-related energy expenditure (PAEE), metabolic equivalent (MET) values, and the doubly-labeled water (DLW) method. Multi factors would be involved in the study. Further investigation would be expected for the determination of an appropriate amount of energy intake and meal energy in the future.

scholarly journals Energy balance dynamics during short-term high-intensity functional training

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Schubert ◽  
Elyse A. Palumbo
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Activity Energy

CrossFit (CF; CrossFit Inc., Washington, DC, USA) is a form of high-intensity functional training that focuses on training across the entire spectrum of physical fitness. CF has been shown to improve a number of indicators of health but little information assessing energy balance exists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate energy balance during 1 week of CF training. Men and women (n = 21; mean ± SD; age, 43.5 ± 8.4 years; body mass index, 27.8 ± 4.9 kg·m−2), with ≥3 months CF experience, had body composition assessed via air displacement plethysmography before and after 1 week of CF training. Participants wore ActiHeart monitors to assess total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure, and CF energy expenditure (CF EE). Energy intake was assessed from TEE and Δ body composition. CF EE averaged 605 ± 219 kcal per 72 ± 10 min session. Weekly CF EE was 2723 ± 986 kcal. Participants were in an energy deficit (TEE: 3674 ± 855 kcal·day−1; energy intake: 3167 ± 1401 kcal·day−1). Results of the present study indicate that CF training can account for a significant portion of daily activity energy expenditure. The weekly expenditure is within levels shown to induce clinically meaningful weight loss in overweight/obese populations.

scholarly journals Whey protein effects on energy balance link the intestinal mechanisms of energy absorption with adiposity and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (1) ◽  
pp. E1-E11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanishka N. Nilaweera ◽  
Raul Cabrera-Rubio ◽  
John R. Speakman ◽  
Paula M. O’Connor ◽  
AnneMarie McAuliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Sucrose Content

We tested the hypothesis that dietary whey protein isolate (WPI) affects the intestinal mechanisms related to energy absorption and that the resulting energy deficit is compensated by changes in energy balance to support growth. C57BL/6 mice were provided a diet enriched with WPI with varied sucrose content, and the impact on energy balance-related parameters was investigated. As part of a high-sucrose diet, WPI reduced the hypothalamic expression of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and increased energy intake. The energy expenditure was unaffected, but epididymal weight was reduced, indicating an energy loss. Notably, there was a reduction in the ileum gene expression for amino acid transporter SLC6a19, glucose transporter 2, and fatty acid transporter 4. The composition of the gut microbiota also changed, where Firmicutes were reduced. The above changes indicated reduced energy absorption through the intestine. We propose that this mobilized energy in the adipose tissue and caused hypothalamic changes that increased energy intake, acting to counteract the energy deficit arising in the intestine. Lowering the sucrose content in the WPI diet increased energy expenditure. This further reduced epididymal weight and plasma leptin, whereupon hypothalamic ghrelin gene expression and the intestinal weight were both increased. These data suggest that when the intestine-adipose-hypothalamic pathway is subjected to an additional energy loss (now in the adipose tissue), compensatory changes attempt to assimilate more energy. Notably, WPI and sucrose content interact to enable the component mechanisms of this pathway.

scholarly journals No energy compensation at the meal following exercise indietary restrained and unrestrained women

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Lluch ◽  
Neil A. King ◽  
John E. Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Restrained Eaters ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Energy Compensation ◽  
Unrestrained Eaters

The objective of this investigation was to compare the acute effects of exercise and diet manipulations on energy intake, between dietary restrained and unrestrained females. Comparisons of two studies using an identical 2 × 2 repeated-measures design (level of activity (rest or exercise) and lunch type (high-fat or low-fat)) including thirteen dietary unrestrained and twelve restrained females were performed. Energy expenditure during the rest session was estimated and the energy cost of exercise was measured by indirect calorimetry. Relative energy intake was calculated by subtracting the energy expenditure of the exercise session from the energy intake of the test meal. Post-meal hedonic ratings were completed after lunch. Energy intake and relative energy intake increased during high-fat conditions compared with the low-fat, independently of exercise (P < 0·001). There was a positive relationship between dietary restraint scores and energy intake or relative energy intake in the rest conditions only (r 0·54, P < 0·01). The decrease of relative energy intake between the rest and exercise conditions was higher in restrained than in unrestrained eaters (P < 0·01). These results confirm that a high-fat diet reversed the energy deficit due to exercise. There was no energy compensation in response to an acute bout of exercise during the following meal. In restrained eaters, exercise was more effective in creating an energy deficit than in unrestrained eaters. Exercise may help restrained eaters to maintain control over appetite.

Effects of dietary protein content on IGF-I, testosterone, and body composition during 8 days of severe energy deficit and arduous physical activity

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Alemany ◽  
Bradley C. Nindl ◽  
Mark D. Kellogg ◽  
William J. Tharion ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Igf I

Energy restriction coupled with high energy expenditure from arduous work is associated with an altered insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) system and androgens that are coincident with losses of fat-free mass. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two levels of dietary protein content and its effects on IGF-I, androgens, and losses of fat-free mass accompanying energy deficit. We hypothesized that higher dietary protein content would attenuate the decline of anabolic hormones and, thus, prevent losses of fat-free mass. Thirty-four men [24 (SD 0.3) yr, 180.1 (SD 1.1) cm, and 83.0 (SD 1.4) kg] participated in an 8-day military exercise characterized by high energy expenditure (16.5 MJ/day), low energy intake (6.5 MJ/day), and sleep deprivation (4 h/24 h) and were randomly divided into two dietary groups: 0.9 and 0.5 g/kg dietary protein intake. IGF-I system analytes, androgens, and body composition were assessed before and on days 4 and 8 of the intervention. Total, free, and nonternary IGF-I and testosterone declined 50%, 64%, 55%, and 45%, respectively, with similar reductions in both groups. There was, however, a diet × time interaction on day 8 for total IGF-I and sex hormone-binding globulin. Decreases in body mass (3.2 kg), fat-free mass (1.2 kg), fat mass (2.0 kg), and percent body fat (1.5%) were similar in both groups ( P = 0.01). Dietary protein content of 0.5 and 0.9 g/kg minimally attenuated the decline of IGF-I, the androgenic system, and fat-free mass during 8 days of negative energy balance associated with high energy expenditure and low energy intake.

scholarly journals Energy Intake and Appetite Sensations Responses to Aquatic Cycling in Healthy Women: The WatHealth Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1051
Author(s):  
Lore Metz ◽  
Laurie Isacco ◽  
Nicole Fearnbach ◽  
Bruno Pereira ◽  
David Thivel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Substrate Oxidation ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Cycling Exercise ◽  
Rest Condition ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Response To Water

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate energy expenditure, food intake and appetite feelings in response to water- vs. land-based cycling exercises in healthy young women. Methods: Anthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed among 20 women who performed four experimental sessions in a randomized order: (i) a rest condition (CONT); (ii) a 30-min aqua-cycling exercise session (WAT), (iii) a 30-min land-cycling exercise session at the same rpm (LAND), (iv) a land-cycling session at the same heart rate and isoenergetic to WAT (LAND-Iso). Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry; ad libitum energy intake during subsequent lunch was assessed with appetite feelings recorded at regular intervals. Results: Energy expenditure was higher during the 30-min WAT than during CONT and LAND (p < 0.001). Carbohydrate oxidation was higher in the WAT session compared to CONT and LAND (p < 0.05). LAND-Iso duration was significantly increased (+14 min) to reach the same energy expenditure as in the WAT condition (p < 0.05). There was no differences in food intake between sessions. Conclusion: While further studies are needed to optimize the chronic energetic effects of aqua-cycling, the present study suggests that this exercise modality could represent an efficient strategy to induce acute energy deficit.

scholarly journals Exercise of low energy expenditure along with mild energy intake restriction acutely reduces fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia in young women

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Maraki ◽  
Nektarios Christodoulou ◽  
Niki Aggelopoulou ◽  
Faidon Magkos ◽  
Katerina P. Skenderi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Single Bout

A single bout of prolonged, moderate-intensity endurance exercise lowers fasting and postprandial TAG concentrations the next day. However, the TAG-lowering effect of exercise is dose-dependent and does not manifest after light exercise of low energy cost ( < 2 MJ). We aimed to investigate whether superimposing mild energy intake restriction to such exercise, in order to augment total energy deficit, potentiates the hypotriacylglycerolaemic effect. Eight healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women (age 27·1 (sem1·3) years; BMI 21·8 (sem0·9) kg/m2) performed two oral fat tolerance tests in the morning on two different occasions: once after a single bout of light exercise (100 min at 30 % of peak oxygen consumption; net energy expenditure 1·04 (sem0·01) MJ) coupled with mild energy intake restriction (1·39 (sem0·22) MJ) on the preceding day, and once after resting coupled with isoenergetic feeding on the preceding day (control). Fasting plasma TAG, TAG in the TAG-rich lipoproteins (TRL-TAG) and serum insulin concentrations were 18, 34 and 30 % lower, respectively, after exercise plus diet compared with the control trial (P < 0·05). Postprandial concentrations of plasma TAG and TRL-TAG were 19 and 27 % lower after exercise plus diet compared with the control condition (P < 0·01), whereas postprandial insulin concentrations were not different. It is concluded that a combination of light exercise along with mild hypoenergetic diet may be a practical and feasible intervention to attenuate fasting and postprandial triacylglycerolaemia, especially for people who cannot exercise for prolonged periods of time at moderate-to-high intensities, such as many sedentary individuals.

Energy expenditure and intake during Special Operations Forces field training in a jungle and glacial environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb D. Johnson ◽  
Andrew J. Simonson ◽  
Matthew E. Darnell ◽  
James P. DeLany ◽  
Meleesa F. Wohleber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Field Training ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Special Operations Forces ◽  
Hot Environments

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare energy requirements specific to Special Operations Forces in field training, in both cool and hot environments. Three separate training sessions were evaluated, 2 in a hot environment (n = 21) and 1 in a cool environment (n = 8). Total energy expenditure was calculated using doubly labeled water. Dietary intake was assessed via self-report at the end of each training mission day, and macronutrient intakes were calculated. Across the 3 missions, mean energy expenditure (4618 ± 1350 kcal/day) exceeded mean energy intake (2429 ± 838 kcal/day) by an average of 2200 kcal/day. Macronutrient intakes (carbohydrates (g/(kg·day body weight (bw))−1) = 3.2 ± 1.2; protein (g/(kg·day bw)−1) = 1.3 ± 0.7; fat (g/(kg·day bw)−1) = 1.2 ± 0.7) showed inadequate carbohydrate and possibly protein intake across the study period, compared with common recommendations. Total energy expenditures were found to be similar between hot (4664 ± 1399 kcal/day) and cool (4549 ± 1221 kcal/day) environments. However, energy intake was found to be higher in the cool (3001 ± 900 kcal/day) compared with hot (2200 ± 711 kcal/day) environments. Based on the identified energy deficit, high variation in energy expenditures, and poor macronutrient intake, a greater attention to feeding practices during similar training scenarios for Special Operations Forces is needed to help maintain performance and health. The differences in environmental heat stress between the 2 climates/environments had no observed effect on energy expenditures, but may have influenced intakes.

Elite Premenarcheal Rhythmic Gymnasts Demonstrate Energy and Dietary Intake Deficiencies During Periods of Intense Training

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Michopoulou ◽  
Alexandra Avloniti ◽  
Antonios Kambas ◽  
Diamanda Leontsini ◽  
Maria Michalopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Intense Training ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnasts

This study determined dietary intake and energy balance of elite premenarcheal rhythmic gymnasts during their preseason training. Forty rhythmic gymnasts and 40 sedentary age-matched females (10–12 yrs) participated in the study. Anthropometric profile and skeletal ages were determined. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed to estimate daily energy intake, daily energy expenditure, and resting metabolic rate. Groups demonstrated comparable height, bone age, pubertal development, resting metabolic rate. Gymnasts had lower body mass, BMI, body fat than age-matched controls. Although groups demonstrated comparable daily energy intake, gymnasts exhibited a higher daily energy expenditure resulting in a daily energy deficit. Gymnasts also had higher carbohydrate intake but lower fat and calcium intake. Both groups were below the recommended dietary allowances for fiber, water, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin intake. Gymnasts may need to raise their daily energy intake to avoid the energy deficit during periods of intense training.

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