Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Concentrations in Plasma of Humans and Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irving Gray ◽  
James G Young
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Normal Humans

Abstract The Weil-Malherbe and Bone method for the analysis of the plasma concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine has been modified and used to determine the plasma concentration in normal humans. The average value for epinephrine in the plasma of men in this series was less than 0.11 µg./L.; for women it was 0.47 µg./L. The average value for norepinephrine in men was 3.4 µg./L. and in women it was 4.9 µg./L. The differences between the concentrations in men and women are significant, P<0.001 and P<0.01 for epinephrine and norepinephrine, respectively. Evidence has been presented to indicate the specificity of the method. Reproducibility and recovery data have been given.

Age-related change in plasma concentration of 7B2 (a novel pituitary polypeptide) in normal humans

Life Sciences ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 977-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Natori ◽  
Haruo Iguchi ◽  
Hajime Nawata ◽  
Ken-ichi Kato ◽  
Hiroshi Ibayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Normal Humans

scholarly journals 2198

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Darlene Ivelisse Santiago ◽  
Jorge Duconge
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Latino Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sublingual Buprenorphine ◽  
Latino Women

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study is the pharmacology of sublingual Buprenorphine in Hispanics/Latino men and women. Specifically we plan to: (1) Administer sublingual buprenorphine to Hispanic/Latino men and women volunteers, and measure the circulating amounts of the drug in the bloodstream as a function of time; that is, pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine. The goal of the proposed study is to evidence that there are gender and ethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of sublingual buprenorphine between not only Hispanics/Latinos and non-Hispanics/Latinos (Caucasian), but also within Hispanic/Latino men and women. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We are proposing a phase 1 of buprenorphine using 12 healthy volunteers. To test for differences in pharmacokinetics between Hispanic/Latino men and women, 6 Hispanic/Latino men, and 6 Hispanic/Latino women 21 years of age and older will be recruited. The volunteers should be living in Puerto Rico, and must have both parents born in Puerto Rico. Sublingual buprenorphine will be administered using a low dose of 16 mg one time only. Blood samples will be collected from each volunteer at t=0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after administration. The amount of circulating drug in the bloodstream of the volunteers will be measured using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic obtained parameters will be maximal plasma concentration, minimal plasma concentration, predose concentration, 24 hour post predose concentration, the time for maximum concentration. The area under the curve will be determined by the trapezoidal rule. Male Versus female data will be compared using 2-tailed t-test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that: (1) Hispanic/Latino women will have longer circulating times of the drug in the bloodstream and higher maximum concentrations, compared with men. (2) Hispanic/Latino men and women will have higher amounts of the circulating drug, compared with already reported pharmacokinetic data of non-Hispanic Caucasian men. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Gender differences have been elucidated in the prevalence rates of substance abuse, health service utilization, treatment outcomes, and physiological consequences of drug consumption in the United States. It is known that in general, women progress from drug use to dependence must faster than men; women also suffer more severe physical and emotional consequences than men, yet women seek treatment for drug addiction in lower rates compared with men. Women also show lower pharmacological treatment effectiveness as they are less likely to feel satisfied upon entering a substance abuse treatment and they show higher cravings. Sublingual buprenorphine is a very popular and relatively new medication used primarily for opiate addiction since 2002. Gender differences have been elucidated in the pharmacology of buprenorphine sublingual tablets used for the treatment of opioid addiction. One study showed that women had higher concentrations of circulating parent drug and it is metabolites compared with men. One metabolite in particular norbuprenorphine was found in almost double the plasma concentration in women. Interestingly, gender differences were not pursued at all by the Pharmaceutical Company sponsoring the approval of the sublingual Buprenorphine by the FDA. The cytochrome enzyme CYP 3A4 responsible for the metabolism of Buprenorphine has higher activity in Caucasian/African American women compared with men. However these studies failed to design and recruit significant amount of patients with Hispanic ethnicity to adequately elucidate the gender differences within this ethnic group. Higher plasma concentrations and longer circulation times of a drug may result not only in lower efficacy outcomes but also higher toxicity and undesired effects. Unfortunately, the lack of pharmacological effectiveness and lack of satisfaction in women undergoing drug treatment programs has not been adequately studied to understand the gender difference in pharmacological treatment outcomes between Hispanic/Latino men and women. Due to the under-representation of Hispanic/Latino men but most importantly women in s studying the pharmacology of sublingual Buprenorphine, and considering the well-established gender difference of the principal enzyme (CYP 3A4) responsible for the pharmacology of Buprenorphine, we are proposing a pilot study of the pharmacology of sublingual Buprenorphine in Hispanic/Latino volunteers living in Puerto Rico with equal number of male and female patients. We expect our research to clinically and scientifically elucidate the gender differences of sublingual buprenorphine for opioid addiction in Hispanics/Latinos. The outcome of such research will be the foundation of subsequent clinical studies that aim in updating the current standard of care for Hispanic/Latino men and women that require therapy for opioid addiction.

scholarly journals THE RENAL CLEARANCE OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE DOG

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Victor Monke ◽  
Charles L. Yuile
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Modern Theory ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Plasma Hemoglobin ◽  
Clearance Studies ◽  
Hemoglobin Molecule

Simultaneous hemoglobin and creatinine renal clearance studies have been presented which indicate that hemoglobin is eliminated by the kidney at a rate which is 3 per cent of the creatinine clearance, above a plasma hemoglobin concentration of approximately 250 mg. per 100 cc. In dogs whose average glomerular filtration rate is 66 cc. per minute, about 2 cc. of plasma are cleared of hemoglobin per minute. A definite renal threshold exists for hemoglobin at a plasma concentration of about 100 mg. per 100 cc., below which hemoglobinuria does not occur. The uniformity of the process indicates that hemoglobinuria is not the result of a transient glomerular injury induced by the hemoglobin. It is tentatively suggested that the experimental results obtained may be interpreted in terms of the following concept. The glomerulus permits the filtration of hemoglobin in amounts directly dependent upon plasma concentration. However, only 3 per cent of all the pores of the membrane are electrostatically large enough to permit the passage of an undissociated hemoglobin molecule. Of that hemoglobin which passes down the tubule, a relatively constant though small amount is recovered by the tubules by a process not unlike that of phagocytosis found elsewhere in the body. An average value for this "athrocytic" capacity in a medium-sized dog is 2 mg. of hemoglobin per minute. This pattern of renal hemoglobin excretion is in agreement with the principles of the modern theory of kidney function.

Design of Multi Gender Bicycle - As an Alternative Bike Design to Fulfill Appropriate Requirement for Urban Society in Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 493 ◽  
pp. 594-599
Author(s):  
I. Made Londen Batan ◽  
Reinaldi Hendarto
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Energy Increase ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bicycle Frame

In the present work, a multi-gender bike, which can be used by men and women, was designed. The integrated design method is used to develop a bicycle frame. As a human transportation the frame is must be light, strong, and comfortable for rider. The frame of bicycle is built with the material of aluminum alloy T-6061 and is produced as prototype for a multi gender purpose. With 100 kg load the strength of material is calculated, and the result shows that the frame critical strength is smaller than material ultimate strength. The prototype was tested by 5 respondents who have an average weight of 68.2 kg, and height 169.4 cm. Pedal test is conducted with 5 level of speed such as 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mph in 6 minutes of cycling respectively. The paddle energy during cycling was determined. The results show that the paddle energy increase and follow the increasing of speed. However since 10 mph of speed the paddle energy tends to be fixed with average value of 40 kcal. Therefore the tension leg muscles before and after cycling is going together by increasing the speed. The RULA method is used for determining the ergonomic of multi-gender bicycle, and the result shows that the value of risk injury is 3, that mean the developed bike is ergonomic.

scholarly journals SELF REGULATED LEARNING MAHASISWA DITINJAU DARI MOTIF MEMILIH JURUSAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Yulfiana Rohmatin ◽  
Eva Latipah
Keyword(s):  
Student Motivation ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to describe self-regulated learning of students at the same time examine the relationship between self-regulated learning with student motivation in choosing majors. Subjects in this study were students majoring in Arabic Education (PBA) Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teaching UIN Sunan Kalijaga both men and women as many as 100 people. Interviews and scale self-regulated learning is used as an instrument in data collection.The results show: first, self-regulated learning of students as a whole are in the medium category (62%) with the highest aspect is the aspect of self-motivation (average value 20.43). Secondly, there is a significant positive relationship between self-regulated learning and motivation in choosing majors (r = 0.876 and p = 0. 004).

scholarly journals Analisis Gerak Pointing Pada Olahraga Petanque

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Adhe Oktaria Bustomi ◽  
Taufiq Hidayah ◽  
Ardo Okilanda ◽  
Dede Dwiansyah Putra
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Measured Frequency ◽  
Pointing Movement ◽  
Pointing Movements ◽  
Quantitative Design ◽  
Foot Position

This study aimed to analyze pointing movement skill of Semarang Petanque athlete. This study was descriptive quantitative design which described systematically facts and characteristics of pointing movement by Semarang Petaque Athlete.  The pointing movements as data were descriptive. This analysis used descriptive statistic which measured frequency. This data was taken from Biomechanics aspect of 3 pointing movements of Petaque by 8 men and women players of Semarang city. They were; (1) holding a boule, (2) foot position, and (3) throwing the boule. The measurement was carried out by two national coaches and one international coach of Petaque. The result shows that; 1) the average value of holding a boule is 4.4 or 88% of percentage which categorized as very good, 2) the average value of foot position is 4.6 or 92% of percentage which categorized as very good, and 3) the average value of throwing a boule is 3.72 or 74.4% of percentage which categorized as good. Overall movements point out good category with 88% of percentage.    

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN MOTOR ACTIVITY DURING SLEEP IN YOUNG ADULTS (18–21 YEARS) USING INFORMATIONANALYTICALSYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-89
Author(s):  
Alexey Gorbunov ◽  
Yuri Gromov ◽  
Dmitry Parshin ◽  
Vladimir Egorov ◽  
Egor Dolgov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Human Ontogenesis ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Analytical System ◽  
Adolescent Period ◽  
Original Information

The study of human motor activity during sleep in the period of adolescence/early adulthood was carried out. The study involved 35 healthy people — 18 women (51.5%) and 17 men (49.5%) aged 18 to 21 years. The data was obtained and processed with the employment of an original information-analytical system developed by the authors. When analyzing the data, we identified and used the following parameters: the number of movements, the maximum value of jerk and the coefficient of motor activity. For the number of movements, the average value was 9.6 and 10.2 for men and women, respectively. For the maximum value of jerk, the average value was 26.4 g/s and 24.3 g/s for men and women, respectively. For the coefficient of physical activity, the average value was 10.3% and 12.7% for men and for women, respectively. Thus, the results of the study are fundamental for understanding the adolescent period of postnatal human ontogenesis, indicate sexual dimorphism, and can also be used in research and practice in the field of physiology, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and functional diagnostics with account of the specific age interval, as well as for prognosis.

Single and Repeated Dose First-in-Human Study with the Anti-Hepcidin Spiegelmer Nox-H94.

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 2342-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Riecke ◽  
Stefan Zöllner ◽  
Malcolm Boyce ◽  
Stephanie Vauléon ◽  
Dorine W. Swinkels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Iron Parameters ◽  
Repeated Doses

Abstract Abstract 2342 Background: NOX-H94, the first-in-class hepcidin inhibitor in development for treatment of anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is a PEGylated anti-hepcidin L-RNA oligonucleotide. ACD is caused by iron sequestration in the reticulo-endothelial macrophages with subsequent iron restricted erythropoiesis due to high hepcidin production and subsequent ferroportin degradation. The treatment of ACD is challenging: a significant number of ACD patients do not respond to erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs), while repeated intravenous iron administrations bear a risk of iron overload. Targeting hepcidin may provide more efficacious and well tolerated treatment alternatives. Methods: This First-in-Human study investigated the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of escalating single and repeated doses of intravenous (i.v.) NOX-H94 in healthy men and women. The study protocol (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01372137) was approved by an independent ethics committee and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Five successive cohorts of 8 healthy subjects, at least 3 men and women, were randomly assigned to i.v. doses of 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/kg of NOX-H94 (n=6) or placebo (n=2). Similarly, 2 cohorts of 8 male subjects randomly received 5 doses of either 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg NOX-H94 or placebo every other day (q2d). Safety parameters, iron parameters, total hepcidin-25 (sum of free circulating hepcidin-25 and hepcidin-25 bound to NOX-H94), and PK were assessed during treatment and follow-up periods of ≥3 weeks. Data are given as means±SD. Results: One man, assigned to 5 i.v. doses of 0.6 mg/kg, withdrew consent after 4 administrations; all other 55 subjects completed the study as scheduled. Safety: Treatment with NOX-H94 was generally safe and well tolerated. No serious adverse event occurred; headache and fatigue were the only treatment related events that occurred more than once. Mild and transient increases in transaminases (<2×ULN) were noted in subjects treated with NOX-H94 at single doses ≥2.4 mg/kg or with repeated doses of 1.2 mg/kg (4.2 mg/kg weekly). PK: After escalating single i.v. administrations of 0.3 to 4.8 mg/kg of NOX-H94, peak plasma concentrations of NOX-H94 (Cmax) and systemic exposure (AUC) increased dose-proportionally. The elimination was bi-phasic with a terminal plasma half-life (t ½) in the range of 17 to 26 h. The systemic clearance (CL) was low (Table 1). After repeated q2d i.v. administrations, no appreciable plasma accumulation was found based on Cmax and AUC. No obvious gender-difference was observed. PD: The plasma concentration of total hepcidin-25 increased dose-dependently upon NOX-H94 treatment, without ever exceeding the plasma concentration of NOX-H94. The PD effects were assessed by analysis of the area under the data time curve above baseline (AUD) of various iron parameters. Single and repeated doses of NOX-H94 up to 0.6 mg/kg had no effect on serum iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation (TSAT) in the healthy subjects studied. At doses ≥1.2 mg/kg NOX-H94, serum iron, serum ferritin, and TSAT increased dose dependently. Conclusions: Treatment with NOX-H94 was generally safe and well tolerated over all dose levels and schedules studied; for subsequent phase II studies in patients, twice weekly i.v. doses of 1.2 mg/kg are recommended. PK analyses showed a dose-linear systemic exposure. In these healthy subjects, only mild dose-dependent increases in iron parameters were observed which likely underestimate the effects that may be obtained in patients with iron-restricted anemia. Disclosures: Riecke: NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment. Zöllner:NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment. Vauléon:NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment. Swinkels:NOXXON Pharma AG: Research Funding. Dümmler:NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment. Summo:NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment. Schwoebel:NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment. Fliegert:NOXXON Pharma AG: Employment.

Ultrastructural comparison of prolactin adenomas of pituitary in men and women

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
R.C. Caughey ◽  
U.P. Kalyan-Raman
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Transmission Electron

Prolactin producing pituitary adenomas are ultrastructurally characterized by secretory granules varying in size (150-300nm), abundance of endoplasmic reticulum, and misplaced exocytosis. They are also subclassified as sparsely or densely granulated according to the amount of granules present. The hormone levels in men and women vary, being higher in men; so also the symptoms vary between both sexes. In order to understand this variation, we studied 21 prolactin producing pituitary adenomas by transmission electron microscope. This was out of a total of 80 pituitary adenomas. There were 6 men and 15 women in this group of 21 prolactinomas.All of the pituitary adenomas were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, rinsed in Millonig's phosphate buffer, and post fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. They were then en bloc stained with 0.5% uranyl acetate, rinsed with Walpole's non-phosphate buffer, dehydrated with graded series of ethanols and embedded with Epon 812 epoxy resin.

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