scholarly journals 2198

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Darlene Ivelisse Santiago ◽  
Jorge Duconge
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Latino Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sublingual Buprenorphine ◽  
Latino Women

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of this study is the pharmacology of sublingual Buprenorphine in Hispanics/Latino men and women. Specifically we plan to: (1) Administer sublingual buprenorphine to Hispanic/Latino men and women volunteers, and measure the circulating amounts of the drug in the bloodstream as a function of time; that is, pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine. The goal of the proposed study is to evidence that there are gender and ethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of sublingual buprenorphine between not only Hispanics/Latinos and non-Hispanics/Latinos (Caucasian), but also within Hispanic/Latino men and women. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We are proposing a phase 1 of buprenorphine using 12 healthy volunteers. To test for differences in pharmacokinetics between Hispanic/Latino men and women, 6 Hispanic/Latino men, and 6 Hispanic/Latino women 21 years of age and older will be recruited. The volunteers should be living in Puerto Rico, and must have both parents born in Puerto Rico. Sublingual buprenorphine will be administered using a low dose of 16 mg one time only. Blood samples will be collected from each volunteer at t=0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after administration. The amount of circulating drug in the bloodstream of the volunteers will be measured using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic obtained parameters will be maximal plasma concentration, minimal plasma concentration, predose concentration, 24 hour post predose concentration, the time for maximum concentration. The area under the curve will be determined by the trapezoidal rule. Male Versus female data will be compared using 2-tailed t-test. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that: (1) Hispanic/Latino women will have longer circulating times of the drug in the bloodstream and higher maximum concentrations, compared with men. (2) Hispanic/Latino men and women will have higher amounts of the circulating drug, compared with already reported pharmacokinetic data of non-Hispanic Caucasian men. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Gender differences have been elucidated in the prevalence rates of substance abuse, health service utilization, treatment outcomes, and physiological consequences of drug consumption in the United States. It is known that in general, women progress from drug use to dependence must faster than men; women also suffer more severe physical and emotional consequences than men, yet women seek treatment for drug addiction in lower rates compared with men. Women also show lower pharmacological treatment effectiveness as they are less likely to feel satisfied upon entering a substance abuse treatment and they show higher cravings. Sublingual buprenorphine is a very popular and relatively new medication used primarily for opiate addiction since 2002. Gender differences have been elucidated in the pharmacology of buprenorphine sublingual tablets used for the treatment of opioid addiction. One study showed that women had higher concentrations of circulating parent drug and it is metabolites compared with men. One metabolite in particular norbuprenorphine was found in almost double the plasma concentration in women. Interestingly, gender differences were not pursued at all by the Pharmaceutical Company sponsoring the approval of the sublingual Buprenorphine by the FDA. The cytochrome enzyme CYP 3A4 responsible for the metabolism of Buprenorphine has higher activity in Caucasian/African American women compared with men. However these studies failed to design and recruit significant amount of patients with Hispanic ethnicity to adequately elucidate the gender differences within this ethnic group. Higher plasma concentrations and longer circulation times of a drug may result not only in lower efficacy outcomes but also higher toxicity and undesired effects. Unfortunately, the lack of pharmacological effectiveness and lack of satisfaction in women undergoing drug treatment programs has not been adequately studied to understand the gender difference in pharmacological treatment outcomes between Hispanic/Latino men and women. Due to the under-representation of Hispanic/Latino men but most importantly women in s studying the pharmacology of sublingual Buprenorphine, and considering the well-established gender difference of the principal enzyme (CYP 3A4) responsible for the pharmacology of Buprenorphine, we are proposing a pilot study of the pharmacology of sublingual Buprenorphine in Hispanic/Latino volunteers living in Puerto Rico with equal number of male and female patients. We expect our research to clinically and scientifically elucidate the gender differences of sublingual buprenorphine for opioid addiction in Hispanics/Latinos. The outcome of such research will be the foundation of subsequent clinical studies that aim in updating the current standard of care for Hispanic/Latino men and women that require therapy for opioid addiction.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REMITTANCE BEHAVIOR: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 215-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOKO NIIMI ◽  
BARRY REILLY
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Tobit Models ◽  
Remittance Behavior

This paper investigates the role of gender in remittance behavior among migrants using the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey data. The gender dimension to remittance behavior has not featured strongly in the existing literature and our findings thus contain novel appeal. In addition, we use estimates from both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic tobit models to decompose the raw gender difference in remittances into treatment and endowment components. We find little evidence that gender differences in remittances are attributable to behavioral differences between men and women, and this finding is invariant to whether the homoscedastic or heteroscedastic tobit is used in estimation.

Gender differences in subtypes of late-onset depression and mania

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Vedel Kessing
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Single Depressive Episode ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Comorbid Substance Abuse

Background: It is currently not known whether elderly men and women present with different subtypes of depression and mania/bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of subtypes of a single depressive episode and mania/bipolar disorder according to the ICD-10 for elderly men and women in a nationwide sample of all out- and inpatients in psychiatric settings.Methods: All patients older than 65 years who received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode and mania/bipolar disorder in the period from 1994 to 2002 at the end of their first outpatient treatment or at their first discharge from psychiatric hospitalization in Denmark were identified in a nationwide register.Results: A total of 9837 patients aged more than 65 years received a diagnosis of a single depressive episode (69.9% were women) and 443 a diagnosis of mania/bipolar disorder (61.6% were women) at the end of their first contact with psychiatric health care. Slightly more women than men received a diagnosis of mild (70.8%) or moderate depression (67.4%) compared to severe depression (65.9%). Men more often presented with a single depressive episode with comorbid substance abuse or comorbid somatic illness. No gender differences were found in the prevalence of depression with or without melancholic or psychotic symptoms. Men more often presented with mania/bipolar disorder with comorbid substance abuse.Conclusions: The distributions of the subtypes of a single depressive episode or mania/bipolar disorder are remarkably similar for male and female patients aged over 65 years with first contact with the psychiatric health-care system.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Negotiation: Evidence from Real Estate Transactions*

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Andersen ◽  
Julie Marx ◽  
Kasper Meisner Nielsen ◽  
Lise Vesterlund
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Price Differences

Abstract Negotiations over real estate show that men secure better prices than women. However, gender differences decrease when improving controls for the property's value, and is eliminated when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity in a repeated-sales sample. Rather than evidence of differences in negotiation, price differences result from men and women demanding different properties. Consistently, we find no gender difference in sales prices secured for inherited property. Provided appropriate controls, men and women fare equally well when negotiating over real estate. Our study demonstrates that inference on gender differences in negotiation relies critically on controlling for the value of the negotiated item.

Capillary supply of the tibialis anterior muscle in young, healthy, and moderately active men and women

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 1451-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Porter ◽  
S. Stuart ◽  
M. Boij ◽  
J. Lexell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Tibialis Anterior Muscle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fiber Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Tibialis anterior muscle biopsies from moderately active men and women (21–30 yr; n= 30) were examined to determine potential gender differences in capillarization. The fiber type proportions [type I (T1) ∼73%] were unaffected by gender. The men (M) had significantly ( P < 0.001) larger fibers than the women (W), with a greater gender effect for type II (T2) fibers ( P < 0.001). The M and W had similar capillary densities (CD ∼390 capillaries/mm2), but the capillaries-to-fiber ratio (C/F) was higher in the M (M = 2.20 ± 0.35, W = 1.66 ± 0.32; P < 0.01). Capillary contacts (CC) were higher in T2 than T1 for the M ( P < 0.01), but not W, and M had greater CC ( P < 0.001). Both fiber area per capillary (FA/C) and fiber perimeter per capillary (FP/C) indicated that T1 fibers had greater capillarization than T2 fibers ( P < 0.001). There were no gender differences in T1 FA/C and T2 FA/C or T1 FP/C, but a gender difference existed for T2 FP/C (M = 60.5 ± 10.9, W = 70.6 ± 13.4; P < 0.01). The gender difference for C/F could be explained by fiber size; however, the physiological implications of the difference in T2 FP/C remains to be determined. In conclusion, despite gender differences for fiber size, overall, capillarization was similar between the men and women.

Abstract 1122‐000026: Factors Associated with Gender Differences in Patients with Lewy Body Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chika P Onuoha ◽  
Lidadi Agbomi ◽  
Nneoma Madubuike ◽  
Oreoluwa Coker ◽  
Samuel I Nathaniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Lewy Body ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Lewy Body Dementia ◽  
Women Patients ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Caucasian Men

Introduction : Several studies have investigated gender differences in patients with Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), however, whether the observed differences are associated with demographic and pharmacological factors is not fully understood. The current study tested the hypothesis that specific demographic or pharmacological factors may contribute to the observed gender difference. Methods : A 5‐year data collected from a regional registry from 608 LBD patients including 332 men and 276 women were analyzed. Factors associated with men and women patients with LBD were determined using the logistic regression model. Multicollinearity was evaluated using variance inflation factors (VIFs), with values greater than five suggestive of multicollinearity Results : The results indicate that Caucasian men (94.3% vs 83.3%) were more likely to present with LBD. In the adjusted analysis, increasing age (OR = 1.042, 95% CI, 1.025‐ 1.058, P ˂ 0.001) was more likely to be associated with women with LBD, while olanzapine (OR = 2.871, 95% CI, 1.902‐4.334, P˂ 0.001), buspirone (OR = 2.388, 95% CI, 1.527‐3.735, P˂ 0.001), escitalopram (OR = 1.444, 95% CI, 1.079‐1.932, P = 0.014) and tobacco use (OR = 1.424, 95% CI, 1.075‐1.887, P = 0.014) were associated with men with LBD Conclusions : More men presented with LBD compared to women. Our findings reveal specific demographic and pharmacological factors that contribute to gender differences among LBD patients.

Gender Differences in Cancer of the Larynx

1995 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi S. Kokoska ◽  
Jay F. Piccirillo ◽  
Bruce H. Haughey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Prognostic Variables ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Anatomic Subsite

Gender differences in the incidence and mortality rates for cancers of the lung, colon, and larynx have previously been noted. The goal of this project was to identify gender differences in prognostic variables for survival and recurrence for patients with cancer of the larynx. The medical records of 193 patients with cancer of the larynx treated initially between 1973 and 1985 were examined retrospectively. A total of 151 men and 42 women were included. A majority of men developed glottic cancers, whereas a majority of women developed supraglottic cancers. Age was prognostically important for both genders; however, comorbidity, symptom severity, anatomic subsite, and TNM stage all had different impacts on survival and recurrence in men and women. No gender difference in initial treatment was found. This study suggests that when designing and analyzing the results from clinical studies of cancer of the larynx, it is important to employ stratification based on gender.

The Relationship of Gender and Voice to Depression and Eating Disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Smolak ◽  
Britannie Fairman Munstertieger
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Eating Problems ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Research often fails to document a gender difference in measures of voice. This is inconsistent with Gilligan's conceptualization of voice as a gendered construct. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate currently available measures of voice, particularly in terms of whether they appear to be assessing the same characteristics in men as in women. Eighty-seven men and 146 women, all college students, completed both the Silencing the Self Scale (STSS; Jack & Dill, 1992) and the Saying What I Think Around Others scale (SWIT; Harter and Waters, 1991). In addition, measures of depression and eating problems as well as the Personal Attributes Questionnaire were completed. Results indicated inconsistent gender differences on voice measures with some showing no differences, others showing men as having lower voice, and others showing lower voice in women. Correlations between the two voice measures for men and for women were small to moderate. As suggested by Harter, Waters, Whitesell, and Kastelic (1998), femininity was often negatively related to voice, though masculinity was more consistently, and positively, related. The link between lack of voice and psychopathology that has been suggested by various researchers was documented more clearly for women than for men. The results, then, show different patterns of relationships involving voice measures for men than for women. This raises the possibility that the measures are tapping different constructs in men and women, rendering mean comparisons questionable.

Gender Stereotyping Enhances Verbal Fluency Performance in Men (and Women)

2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Hirnstein ◽  
Nadja Freund ◽  
Markus Hausmann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Word Fluency ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
Men And Women

Numerous studies have demonstrated that fear of confirming negative stereotypes (stereotype threat) can hamper women’s performance in certain mathematical and spatial tasks in which men usually excel. By contrast, very little is known about how men are affected by stereotype threat in tasks in which women excel. We therefore asked 36 men and 39 women, recruited at the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Germany, to complete two tests of verbal fluency (word fluency, four-word sentences). Prior to testing, participants were either told that gender differences in verbal abilities were going to be investigated or they received gender-neutral task instructions. We hypothesized that this would trigger the gender stereotype of women’s verbal superiority and, as a consequence, lead to a stereotype threat effect with decreased verbal fluency performance in men. However, men’s verbal fluency scores were higher under gender difference instructions than in the control condition. Since women showed a similar pattern and had generally higher scores, the gender difference remained stable across conditions. The findings may reflect (a) that gender stereotyping induced a competitive situation and, as a result, enhanced performance in all participants or (b) stereotype reactance in men, which would suggest that men and women react differently to gender stereotype activations in gender-sensitive cognitive abilities. Either way, the findings imply that cognitive performance changes significantly if participants are aware that cognitive gender differences are investigated, which is probably the case in many studies investigating gender differences.

scholarly journals Gender Difference Among Employees Working In Diplomatic Missions

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farkhanda Warsi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Women Employees

This study was conducted to examine the gender differences among men and women employees working in Diplomatic Missions. The area of the study was different Diplomatic Missions of different countries and their employees both men and women. The random sampling technique was used to select 24 employees working in diplomatic missions as a sample for the study. Out of 24 employees, 12 were women and 12 were men. Data was collected through questionnaire developed by researcher. The reliability of the questionnaire came out to be .759 for number of employment opportunities and 0.892 for position in office hierarchy. Data collected through questionnaire was analyzed through quantitative means and the data collected was presented in percentage and frequencies and to test the hypothesis paired sample Independent t-test was applied. Findings of this study indicated that gender difference exists between men and women employees working in Diplomatic Missions, the ratio of women employees was less on top position in most of the Diplomatic Missions as compared to men. Moreover, men and women not treated equally in number of employment opportunities. Therefore, it is recommended that authorities of Diplomatic Missions should treated equally of both employees in terms of number of employment opportunities, and top positions in diplomatic missions  

Gender Differences in Beliefs of Why Women Live Longer than Men

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia E. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Stressful Life ◽  
Significant Gender Difference ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
College Age

Research supports an interaction of biological and sociocultural factors to account for why women live longer than men. This study investigated whether men and women of college age have similar attributions for this difference in longevity. Responses to an open-ended questionnaire by 507 college-aged students confirmed a significant gender difference in attribution of life expectancy. Young men attributed such differences to greater physical labor of men and the less stressful life of women. Young women, in contrast, thought women took better care of their health.

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